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Document_ranking_test

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Document_ranking0

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':1116694 'query':what is a fort baby 'pid':D2914523 'passage':What do you call a cow with a newborn baby?: Karin L. There's more to raising cattle than throwing them out to pasture. Know your soil and plants to earn profit above ground and wealth below. What do you call a cow with a newborn baby? Momma cow. How do you call a baby cow? They call him/her a calf . T.zaman1 18 Contributions How do you call baby cows? A cows baby is called a calf which is known as a humans muscle. Eric Barnes 486,056 Contributions What is a baby cow called if is a male baby cow and what is it called if it is a female baby cow?bull calf and heifer calf, respectively What is the a baby sea cow called? It's called a pup!Is a whale's baby called a cow? I think only a grown female whale is called a cow The baby is a "calf". When baby cows are cooked what are they called?veal What is a baby cooked cow called?a baby cow that is dead is called veal... Karin L. There's more to raising cattle than throwing them out to pasture. Know your soil and plants to earn profit above ground and wealth below. Is a baby cow called a heifer? A calf is a heifer calf if it's female, a bull calf if it's male. David Bäckman 391,446 Contributions Knowledge is a thing you can both share and keep What is a baby male cow called? That'd be a bull calf. Hannah Dawe 4,155 Contributions What do you call more then one baby cow? If it is a group of calves born from different mothers than you call them a herd of calves or a group of calves. If it is two calves born at the same time from the same mother …Melos Antropon 13,986 Contributions What is do you call a cow with a newborn baby? There is no special name for it that I know of, other than a "freshly calved cow". Unless you could call it a "de-calfinated" cow :>) Output:

Document_ranking1

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':48170 'query':back and forth meaning 'pid':D2960008 'passage':BLOOM: Audio English.org » Dictionary » B » Blood Plasma ... Blossoming BLOOMPronunciation (US): Dictionary entry overview: What does bloom mean?• BLOOM (noun) The noun BLOOM has 6 senses:1. the organic process of bearing flowers 2. reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts 3. the best time of youth 4. a rosy color (especially in the cheeks) taken as a sign of good health 5. the period of greatest prosperity or productivity 6. a powdery deposit on a surface Familiarity information: BLOOM used as a noun is common.• BLOOM (verb) The verb BLOOM has 1 sense:1. produce or yield flowers Familiarity information: BLOOM used as a verb is very rare. Dictionary entry details• BLOOM (noun)Sense 1 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: The organic process of bearing flowers Classified under: Nouns denoting natural processes Synonyms:blooming; bloom Context example:you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed Hypernyms ("bloom" is a kind of...):biological process; organic process (a process occurring in living organisms)Sense 2 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: Reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts Classified under: Nouns denoting plants Synonyms:blossom; bloom; flower Hypernyms ("bloom" is a kind of...):reproductive structure (the parts of a plant involved in its reproduction)Meronyms (parts of "bloom"):chlamys; floral envelope; perianth; perigone; perigonium (collective term for the outer parts of a flower consisting of the calyx and corolla and enclosing the stamens and pistils)floral leaf (a modified leaf that is part of a flower)ovary (the organ that bears the ovules of a flower)carpel (a simple pistil or one element of a compound pistil)pistil (the female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma)stamen (the male reproductive organ of a flower)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "bloom"):bud (a partially opened flower)floret; floweret (a diminutive flower (especially one that is part of a composite flower))apetalous flower (flower having no petals)inflorescence (the flowering part of a plant or arrangement of flowers on a stalk)ray floret; ray flower (small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower)chrysanthemum (the flower of a chrysanthemum plant)Holonyms ("bloom" is a part of...):angiosperm; flowering plant (plants having seeds in a closed ovary)Sense 3 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: The best time of youth Classified under: Nouns denoting time and temporal relations Synonyms:salad days; bloom of youth; bloom Hypernyms ("bloom" is a kind of...):time of life (a period of time during which a person is normally in a particular life state)Holonyms ("bloom" is a part of...):youth (the time of life between childhood and maturity)Sense 4 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A rosy color (especially in the cheeks) taken as a sign of good health Classified under: Nouns denoting stable states of affairs Synonyms:blush; rosiness; flush; bloom Hypernyms ("bloom" is a kind of...):good health; healthiness (the state of being vigorous and free from bodily or mental disease)Sense 5 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: The period of greatest prosperity or productivity Classified under: Nouns denoting time and temporal relations Synonyms:heyday; flush; efflorescence; blossom; peak; prime; flower; bloom Hypernyms ("bloom" is a kind of...):period; period of time; time period (an amount of time)Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "bloom"):golden age (a time period when some activity or skill was at its peak)Sense 6 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: A powdery deposit on a surface Classified under: Nouns denoting natural phenomena Synonyms:efflorescence; bloom Hypernyms ("bloom" is a kind of...):crystallisation; crystallization; crystallizing (the formation of crystals)• BLOOM (verb)Sense 1 bloom [BACK TO TOP]Meaning: Produce or yield flowers Classified under: Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc. Synonyms:bloom; blossom; flower Context example: The cherry tree bloomed Hypernyms (to "bloom" is one way to...):develop (grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment)Troponyms (each of the following is one way to "bloom"):burst forth; effloresce (come into or as if into flower)Sentence frame: Something ----s Learn English with... Proverbs of the week"No gain without pain." (English proverb) "We are all visitors to this time, this place. We are just passing through. Our purpose here is to observe, to learn, to grow, to love... and then we return home." (Aboriginal Australian proverbs) "Necessity teaches the naked woman to spin (a yarn)." (Danish proverb)BLOOM: related words searches» period of time: pronunciation in phonetic transcription » floral envelope definition » healthiness meaning » What does chlamys mean? » Meaning of effloresce Related FAQs:» BLOOMBLOODWORT FAMILYBLOODYBLOODY MARYBLOODY SHAMEBLOODY-MINDEDBLOOMBLOOM OF YOUTHBLOOMERBLOOMERIABLOOMERIA CROCEAEnglish learning courses About Practical English About Telephone English About Accounting English Learn English Free English Language Dictionary British and American English pronunciation Other popular searches:» beautiful meaning » mosaic » what does peeved mean » dishwashing liquid » what does joie de vivre mean in english Page delivered in 0.0496 seconds Output:

Document_ranking2

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':1108473 'query':what time zone is st paul minnesota in 'pid':D1245586 'passage':St. Paul Sheriff Department: St. Paul Sheriff Department Home Law Enforcement & Military Offices Sheriff Departments Minnesota St. Paul Find St. Paul Minnesota sheriff offices, departments, headquarters, jails, and detention centers. Sheriffs provide information on records, arrests, inmates, warrants, and mugshots. Ramsey County Sheriff's Office 425 Grove Street St. Paul MN 55101651-767-0640Hennepin County Sheriff's Office 350 South 5th Street Minneapolis MN 554158.1 miles from St. Paul 612-348-3740Washington County Sheriff's Office 15015 62nd Street North Stillwater MN 5508216.0 miles from St. Paul 651-430-7600Dakota County Sheriff's Office 1580 Highway 55Hastings MN 5503318.0 miles from St. Paul 651-437-4211St Croix County Sheriff's Office 1101 Carmichael Road Hudson WI 5401618.8 miles from St. Paul 715-381-4320Anoka County Sheriff's Office 325 East Main Street Anoka MN 5530322.0 miles from St. Paul 763-323-5000Scott County Sheriff's Office 301 Fuller Street South Shakopee MN 5537923.2 miles from St. Paul 952-496-8300Carver County Sheriff's Office 606 East 4th Street Chaska MN 5531826.4 miles from St. Paul 952-361-1212Pierce County Sheriff's Office 432 West Main Street Ellsworth WI 5401133.8 miles from St. Paul 715-273-5051Chisago County Sheriff's Office 313 North Main Street Center MN 5501234.0 miles from St. Paul 651-257-4100Sherburne County Sheriff's Office13880 Business Center Drive Northwest Elk River MN 5533035.2 miles from St. Paul 763-765-3500Goodhue County Sheriff's Office 430 West 6th Street Red Wing MN 5506638.7 miles from St. Paul 651-385-3155Wright County Sheriff's Office 3800 Braddock Avenue Northeast Buffalo MN 5531341.2 miles from St. Paul 763-682-1162Isanti County Sheriff's Office 509 18th Avenue Southwest Cambridge MN 5500842.5 miles from St. Paul 763-689-2141Rice County Sheriff's Office 118 3rd Street Northwest Faribault MN 5502146.0 miles from St. Paul 507-334-4391Polk County Sheriff's Office 1005 West Main Street Balsam Lake WI 5481046.9 miles from St. Paul 715-485-8300Le Sueur County Sheriff's Office 88 South Park Avenue Le Center MN 5605749.5 miles from St. Paul 507-357-4440Mcleod County Sheriff's Office 801 10th Street East Glencoe MN 5533652.8 miles from St. Paul 320-864-1350 Output:

Document_ranking3

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':1121861 'query':what are the names of some mountains in maryland 'pid':D73979 'passage':Appalachian Mountains: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Appalachians" redirects here. For other uses, see Appalachian. Appalachian Mountains Appalachians August 2007 view from the slopes of Back Allegheny Mountain, looking east; visible are Allegheny Mountain (in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia, middle distance), and Shenandoah Mountain (in the George Washington National Forest of Virginia, far distance)Highest point Peak Mount Mitchell Elevation 6,684 ft (2,037 m)Dimensions Length 1,500 mi (2,400 km)Geography Countries United States, France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) and Canada State/Province Newfoundland and Labrador, [1] [2]Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Québec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama Range coordinates 40°N 78°WCoordinates: 40°N 78°WGeology Orogeny Taconic, Acadian, Alleghanian Age of rock Ordovician - Permian The Appalachian Mountains ( / ˌ æ p ə ˈ l æ ʃ ɪ n, - ˈ l eɪ tʃ ɪ n / ( listen); [note 1]French: les Appalaches ), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. They once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before experiencing natural erosion. [3] [4] The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to most highways and railroads running east-west. Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlandsphysiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack areas. [5] [6] A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. [7] [8] [9]Contents [ hide ]1 Overview1.1 Origin of the name2 Geography2.1 Regions2.2 Chief summits2.3 Drainage3 Geology3.1 Mineral resources4 Ecology4.1 Flora4.2 Fauna5 See also6 Footnotes7 References8 Sources9 Further reading10 External links Overview [ edit]The range is mostly in the United States (U. S.) but it extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States. [ discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, and parts of southern upstate New York. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well but became disconnected through geologic history. Origin of the name [ edit]Detail of Diego Gutiérrez's 1562 map of the Western Hemisphere, showing the first known use of a variation of the place name "Appalachia" ("Apalchen") – from the map Americae sive qvartae orbis partis nova et exactissima descriptio While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez 's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled "Appalachian," it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. [10]After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrez 's map of 1562; the first use for the mountain range is the map of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues in 1565. [11]The name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the " Allegheny Mountains ", "Alleghenies", and even "Alleghania". In the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. [12]In U. S. dialects in the southern regions of the Appalachians, the word is pronounced / ˌ æ p ə ˈ l æ tʃ ɪ n z /, with the third syllable sounding like "latch". In northern parts of the mountain range, it is pronounced / ˌ æ p ə ˈ l eɪ tʃ ɪ n z / or / ˌ æ p ə ˈ l eɪ ʃ ɪ n z /; the third syllable is like "lay", and the fourth "chins" or "shins". [13] There is often great debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is / ˌ æ p ə ˈ l æ tʃ i ə n /, with the last two syllables "-ian" pronounced as in the word "Romanian". [14]Geography [ edit]Regions [ edit]Blue Ridge Mountains The whole system may be divided into three great sections: [15]Northern: The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. It includes the Long Range Mountains and Annieopsquotch Mountains on the island of Newfoundland, Chic-Choc Mountains and Notre Dame Range in Quebec and New Brunswick, scattered elevations and small ranges elsewhere in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the Longfellow Mountains in Maine, the White Mountains in New Hampshire, the Green Mountains in Vermont, and The Berkshires in Massachusetts and Connecticut. The Metacomet Ridge Mountains in Connecticut and south-central Massachusetts, although contained within the Appalachian province, is a younger system and not geologically associated with the Appalachians. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians. Central: The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River (Great Kanawha) running through Virginia and West Virginia. It comprises (excluding various minor groups) the Valley Ridges between the Allegheny Front of the Allegheny Plateau and the Great Appalachian Valley, the New York–New Jersey Highlands, the Taconic Mountains in New York, and a large portion of the Blue Ridge. Southern: The southern section runs from the New River onwards. It consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge (or Unaka) Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau. Bald Mountains The Adirondack Mountains in New York are sometimes considered part of the Appalachian chain but, geologically speaking, are a southern extension of the Laurentian Mountains of Canada. [7] [8] [9]Shaded relief map of the Cumberland Plateau and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians on the Virginia – West Virginia border In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northern West Virginia. This same plateau is known as the Cumberland Plateau in southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, western Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Alabama. The dissected plateau area, while not actually made up of geological mountains, is popularly called "mountains," especially in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia, and while the ridges are not high, the terrain is extremely rugged. In Ohio and New York, some of the plateau has been glaciated, which has rounded off the sharp ridges and filled the valleys to some extent. The glaciated regions are usually referred to as hill country rather than mountains. The Appalachian region is generally considered the geographical divide between the eastern seaboard of the United States and the Midwest region of the country. The Eastern Continental Divide follows the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. The Appalachian Trail is a 2,175-mile (3,500 km) hiking trail that runs all the way from Mount Katahdin in Maine to Springer Mountain in Georgia, passing over or past a large part of the Appalachian system. The International Appalachian Trail is an extension of this hiking trail into the Canadian portion of the Appalachian range in New Brunswick and Quebec. Chief summits [ edit]The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the Great Lakes and the interior plains. A remarkable feature of the belt is the longitudinal chain of broad valleys, including The Great Appalachian Valley, which in the southerly sections divides the mountain system into two unequal portions, but in the northernmost lies west of all the ranges possessing typical Appalachian features, and separates them from the Adirondack group. The mountain system has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion, the summits rise to rather uniform heights, and, especially in the central section, the various ridges and intermontane valleys have the same trend as the system itself. None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow. [15]Old fault exposed by roadcut near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, along Interstate 81, such faults are common in the folded Appalachians Mountains of the Long Range in Newfoundland reach heights of nearly 2,700 ft (800 m). In the Chic-Choc and Notre Dame mountain ranges in Quebec, the higher summits rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) in elevation. Isolated peaks and small ranges in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft (300 to 800 m). In Maine several peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Mount Katahdin at 5,267 feet (1,605 m). In New Hampshire, many summits rise above 5,000 ft (1,500 m), including Mount Washington in the White Mountains at 6,288 ft (1,917 m), Adams at 5,771 ft (1,759 m), Jefferson at 5,712 ft (1,741 m), Monroe at 5,380 ft (1,640 m), Madison at 5,367 ft (1,636 m), Lafayette at 5,249 feet (1,600 m), and Lincoln at 5,089 ft (1,551 m). In the Green Mountains the highest point, Mt. Mansfield, is 4,393 ft (1,339 m) in elevation; others include Killington Peak at 4,226 ft (1,288 m), Camel's Hump at 4,083 ft (1,244 m), Mt. Abraham at 4,006 ft (1,221 m), and a number of other heights exceeding 3,000 ft (900 m). [15]In Pennsylvania, there are over sixty summits that rise over 2,500 ft (800 m); the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob rise over 3,000 ft (900 m). In Maryland, Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain are conspicuous points reaching 3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft (878 m) respectively. On the same side of the Great Valley, south of the Potomac, are the Pinnacle 3,007 feet (917 m) and Pidgeon Roost 3,400 ft (1,000 m). [15] In West Virginia, more than 150 peaks rise above 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Spruce Knob 4,863 ft (1,482 m), the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains. A number of other points in the state rise above 4,800 ft (1,500 m). Snowshoe Mountain at Thorny Flat 4,848 ft (1,478 m) and Bald Knob 4,842 ft (1,476 m) are among the more notable peaks in West Virginia. Cliffs overlooking the New River near Gauley Bridge, West Virginia The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth. Chief summits in the southern section of the Blue Ridge are located along two main crests—the Western or Unaka Front along the Tennessee-North Carolina border and the Eastern Front in North Carolina—or one of several "cross ridges" between the two main crests. Major subranges of the Eastern Front include the Black Mountains, Great Craggy Mountains, and Great Balsam Mountains, and its chief summits include Grandfather Mountain 5,964 ft (1,818 m) near the Tennessee-North Carolina border, Mount Mitchell 6,684 ft (2,037 m) in the Blacks, and Black Balsam Knob 6,214 ft (1,894 m) and Cold Mountain 6,030 ft (1,840 m) in the Great Balsams. The Western Blue Ridge Front is subdivided into the Unaka Range, the Bald Mountains, the Great Smoky Mountains, and the Unicoi Mountains, and its major peaks include Roan Mountain 6,285 ft (1,916 m) in the Unakas, Big Bald 5,516 ft (1,681 m) and Max Patch 4,616 ft (1,407 m) in the Bald Mountains, Clingmans Dome 6,643 ft (2,025 m), Mount Le Conte 6,593 feet (2,010 m), and Mount Guyot 6,621 ft (2,018 m) in the Great Smokies, and Big Frog Mountain 4,224 ft (1,287 m) near the Tennessee-Georgia-North Carolina border. Prominent summits in the cross ridges include Waterrock Knob (6,292 ft (1,918 m)) in the Plott Balsams. Across northern Georgia, numerous peaks exceed 4,000 ft (1,200 m), including Brasstown Bald, the state's highest, at 4,784 ft (1,458 m) and 4,696 ft (1,431 m) Rabun Bald. Drainage [ edit]Paleogeographic reconstruction showing the Appalachian Basin area during the Middle Devonian period [16]There are many geological issues concerning the rivers and streams of the Appalachians. In spite of the existence of the Great Appalachian Valley, many of the main rivers are transverse to the mountain system axis. The drainage divide of the Appalachians follows a tortuous course which crosses the mountainous belt just north of the New River in Virginia. South of the New River, rivers head into the Blue Ridge, cross the higher Unakas, receive important tributaries from the Great Valley, and traversing the Cumberland Plateau in spreading gorges ( water gaps ), escape by way of the Cumberland River and the Tennessee River rivers to the Ohio River and the Mississippi River, and thence to the Gulf of Mexico. In the central section, north of the New River, the rivers, rising in or just beyond the Valley Ridges, flow through great gorges to the Great Valley, and then across the Blue Ridge to tidal estuaries penetrating the coastal plain via the Roanoke River, James River, Potomac River, and Susquehanna River. [15]In the northern section the height of land lies on the inland side of the mountainous belt, and thus the main lines of drainage run from north to south, exemplified by the Hudson River. [15] However, the valley through which the Hudson River flows was cut by the gigantic glaciers of the Ice Ages —the same glaciers that deposited their terminal moraines in southern New York and formed the east-west Long Island. Geology [ edit]Main article: Geology of the Appalachians USGS Appalachian zones in the United States A look at rocks exposed in today's Appalachian mountains reveals elongated belts of folded and thrust faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient ocean floor, which provides strong evidence that these rocks were deformed during plate collision. The birth of the Appalachian ranges, some 480 Ma, marks the first of several mountain-building plate collisions that culminated in the construction of the supercontinent Pangaea with the Appalachians near the center. Because North America and Africa were connected, the Appalachians formed part of the same mountain chain as the Little Atlas in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, before the Mesozoic Era opening of the Iapetus Ocean, from the North America/Europe collision (See Caledonian orogeny ). During the middle Ordovician Period (about 496–440 Ma), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain-building event ( Taconic orogeny) in North America. The once-quiet Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring oceanic plate, the Iapetus, collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton. With the birth of this new subduction zone, the early Appalachians were born. Along the continental margin, volcanoes grew, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As the mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. The Taconic Orogeny was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians, culminating in the collision of North America and Africa (see Alleghanian orogeny ). [17]By the end of the Mesozoic Era, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain. [17] It was not until the region was uplifted during the Cenozoic Era that the distinctive topography of the present formed. [18] Uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams downcut so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures. Mineral resources [ edit]The Appalachian Mountains contain major deposits of anthracite coal as well as bituminous coal. In the folded mountains the coal is in metamorphosed form as anthracite, represented by the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania. The bituminous coal fields of western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and West Virginia contain the sedimentary form of coal. [19] The mountain top removal method of coal mining, in which entire mountain tops are removed, is currently threatening vast areas and ecosystems of the Appalachian Mountain region. [20]The 1859 discovery of commercial quantities of petroleum in the Appalachian Mountains of western Pennsylvania started the modern United States petroleum industry. [21] Recent discoveries of commercial natural gas deposits in the Marcellus Shale formation and Utica Shale formations have once again focused oil industry attention on the Appalachian Basin. Some plateaus of the Appalachian Mountains contain metallic minerals such as iron and zinc. [22]Ecology [ edit]Further information: Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests, Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests, Appalachian temperate rainforest, New England/Acadian forests, and Appalachian bogs Flora [ edit]View from Mount Mitchell. At 6,684 ft (2,037 m), Mount Mitchell in North Carolina is the highest peak east of the Mississippi River The floras of the Appalachians are diverse and vary primarily in response to geology, latitude, elevation and moisture availability. Geobotanically, they constitute a floristic province of the North American Atlantic Region. The Appalachians consist primarily of deciduous broad-leaf trees and evergreen needle-leaf conifers, but also contain the evergreen broad-leaf American holly ( Ilex opaca ), and the deciduous needle-leaf conifer, the tamarack, or eastern larch ( Larix laricina ). The dominant northern and high elevation conifer is the red spruce ( Picea rubens ), which grows from near sea level to above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above sea level (asl) in northern New England and southeastern Canada. It also grows southward along the Appalachian crest to the highest elevations of the southern Appalachians, as in North Carolina and Tennessee. In the central Appalachians it is usually confined above 3,000 ft (900 m) asl, except for a few cold valleys in which it reaches lower elevations. In the southern Appalachians, it is restricted to higher elevations. Another species is the black spruce ( Picea mariana ), which extends farthest north of any conifer in North America, is found at high elevations in the northern Appalachians, and in bogs as far south as Pennsylvania. The Appalachians are also home to two species of fir, the boreal balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ), and the southern high elevation endemic, Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri ). Fraser fir is confined to the highest parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where along with red spruce it forms a fragile ecosystem known as the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Fraser fir rarely occurs below 5,500 ft (1,700 m), and becomes the dominant tree type at 6,200 ft (1,900 m). [23] By contrast, balsam fir is found from near sea level to the tree line in the northern Appalachians, but ranges only as far south as Virginia and West Virginia in the central Appalachians, where it is usually confined above 3,900 ft (1,200 m) asl, except in cold valleys. Curiously, it is associated with oaks in Virginia. The balsam fir of Virginia and West Virginia is thought by some to be a natural hybrid between the more northern variety and Fraser fir. While red spruce is common in both upland and bog habitats, balsam fir, as well as black spruce and tamarack, are more characteristic of the latter. However balsam fir also does well in soils with a p H as high as 6. [24]Shenandoah National Park Eastern or Canada hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis) is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae ), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock ( Tsuga caroliniana ). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid. Several species of pines characteristic of the Appalachians are eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ), Virginia pine ( Pinus virginiana ), pitch pine ( Pinus rigida ), Table Mountain pine ( Pinus pungens) and shortleaf pine ( Pinus echinata ). Red pine ( Pinus resinosa) is a boreal species that forms a few high elevation outliers as far south as West Virginia. All of these species except white pine tend to occupy sandy, rocky, poor soil sites, which are mostly acidic in character. White pine, a large species valued for its timber, tends to do best in rich, moist soil, either acidic or alkaline in character. Pitch pine is also at home in acidic, boggy soil, and Table Mountain pine may occasionally be found in this habitat as well. Shortleaf pine is generally found in warmer habitats and at lower elevations than the other species. All the species listed do best in open or lightly shaded habitats, although white pine also thrives in shady coves, valleys, and on floodplains. The view from Craggy Gardens on the Blue Ridge Parkway The Appalachians are characterized by a wealth of large, beautiful deciduous broadleaf (hardwood) trees. Their occurrences are best summarized and described in E. Lucy Braun 's 1950 classic, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (Macmillan, New York). The most diverse and richest forests are the mixed mesophytic or medium moisture types, which are largely confined to rich, moist montane soils of the southern and central Appalachians, particularly in the Cumberland and Allegheny Mountains, but also thrive in the southern Appalachian coves. Characteristic canopy species are white basswood ( Tilia heterophylla ), yellow buckeye ( Aesculus octandra ), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), tuliptree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), white ash ( Fraxinus americana) and yellow birch ( Betula alleganiensis ). Other common trees are red maple ( Acer rubrum ), shagbark and bitternut hickories ( Carya ovata and C. cordiformis) and black or sweet birch ( Betula lenta ). Small understory trees and shrubs include flowering dogwood ( Cornus florida ), hophornbeam ( Ostrya virginiana ), witch-hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana) and spicebush ( Lindera benzoin ). There are also hundreds of perennial and annual herbs, among them such herbal and medicinal plants as American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ), goldenseal ( Hydrastis canadensis ), bloodroot ( Sanguinaria canadensis) and black cohosh ( Cimicifuga racemosa ). The foregoing trees, shrubs, and herbs are also more widely distributed in less rich mesic forests that generally occupy coves, stream valleys and flood plains throughout the southern and central Appalachians at low and intermediate elevations. In the northern Appalachians and at higher elevations of the central and southern Appalachians these diverse mesic forests give way to less diverse "northern hardwoods" with canopies dominated only by American beech, sugar maple, American basswood ( Tilia americana) and yellow birch and with far fewer species of shrubs and herbs. Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks ( Quercus spp. ), hickories ( Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut ( Castanea dentata ). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ( Cryphonectaria parasitica ), but lives on as sapling-sized sprouts that originate from roots, which are not killed by the fungus. In present-day forest canopies, chestnut has been largely replaced by oaks. The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks ( Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut ( Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north. Great laurel thicket in the Pisgah National Forest The oak forests generally lack the diverse small tree, shrub and herb layers of mesic forests. Shrubs are generally ericaceous, and include the evergreen mountain laurel ( Kalmia latifolia ), various species of blueberries ( Vaccinium spp. ), black huckleberry ( Gaylussacia baccata ), a number of deciduous rhododendrons (azaleas), and smaller heaths such as teaberry ( Gaultheria procumbens) and trailing arbutus ( Epigaea repens ). The evergreen great rhododendron ( Rhododendron maximum) is characteristic of moist stream valleys. These occurrences are in line with the prevailing acidic character of most oak forest soils. In contrast, the much rarer chinquapin oak ( Quercus muehlenbergii) demands alkaline soils and generally grows where limestone rock is near the surface. Hence no ericaceous shrubs are associated with it. The Appalachian floras also include a diverse assemblage of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), as well as fungi. Some species are rare and/or endemic. As with vascular plants, these tend to be closely related to the character of the soils and thermal environment in which they are found. Eastern deciduous forests are subject to a number of serious insect and disease outbreaks. Among the most conspicuous is that of the introduced gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ), which infests primarily oaks, causing severe defoliation and tree mortality. But it also has the benefit of eliminating weak individuals, and thus improving the genetic stock, as well as creating rich habitat of a type through accumulation of dead wood. Because hardwoods sprout so readily, this moth is not as harmful as the hemlock woolly adelgid. Perhaps more serious is the introduced beech bark disease complex, which includes both a scale insect ( Cryptococcus fagisuga) and fungal components. Cranberry Glades, a bog preserve in West Virginia During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Appalachian forests were subject to severe and destructive logging and land clearing, which resulted in the designation of the national forests and parks as well many state protected areas. However, these and a variety of other destructive activities continue, albeit in diminished forms; and thus far only a few ecologically based management practices have taken hold. Appalachian bogs are boreal ecosystems, which occur in many places in the Appalachians, particularly the Allegheny and Blue Ridge subranges. [25] [26] Though popularly called bogs, many of them are technically fens. [27]Fauna [ edit]Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel ( Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel ( Glaucomys volans ). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel ( Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus ), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests. Southern flying squirrel As familiar as squirrels are the eastern cottontail rabbit ( Silvilagus floridanus) and the white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ). The latter in particular has greatly increased in abundance as a result of the extirpation of the eastern wolf ( Canis lupus lycaon) and the cougar. This has led to the overgrazing and browsing of many plants of the Appalachian forests, as well as destruction of agricultural crops. Other deer include the moose ( Alces laces ), found only in the north, and the elk ( Cervus canadensis ), which, although once extirpated, is now making a comeback, through transplantation, in the southern and central Appalachians. In Quebec, the Chic-Chocs host the only population of caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) south of the St. Lawrence River. An additional species that is common in the north but extends its range southward at high elevations to Virginia and West Virginia is the varying of snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ). However, these central Appalachian populations are scattered and very small. Another species of great interest is the beaver ( Castor canadensis ), which is showing a great resurgence in numbers after its near extirpation for its pelt. This resurgence is bringing about a drastic alteration in habitat through the construction of dams and other structures throughout the mountains. Other common forest animals are the black bear ( Ursus americanus ), striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis ), raccoon ( Procyon lotor ), woodchuck ( Marmota monax ), bobcat ( Felis rufus ), gray fox ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus ), red fox ( Vulpes vulpes) and in recent years, the coyote ( Canis latrans ), another species favored by the advent of Europeans and the extirpation of eastern and red wolves. European boars were introduced in the early 20th century. Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey ( Meleagris gallopavo silvestris ), ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ), mourning dove ( Zenaida macroura ), common raven ( Corvus corax ), wood duck ( Aix sponsa ), great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ), barred owl ( Strix varia ), screech owl ( Megascops asio ), red-tailed hawk ( Buteo jamaicensis ), red-shouldered hawk ( Buteo lineatus ), and northern goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ), as well as a great variety of "songbirds" ( Passeriformes ), like the warblers in particular. Male eastern wild turkey Of great importance are the many species of salamanders and, in particular, the lungless species (Family Plethodontidae) that live in great abundance concealed by leaves and debris, on the forest floor. Most frequently seen, however, is the eastern or red-spotted newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens ), whose terrestrial eft form is often encountered on the open, dry forest floor. It has been estimated that salamanders represent the largest class of animal biomass in the Appalachian forests. Frogs and toads are of lesser diversity and abundance, but the wood frog ( Rana sylvatica) is, like the eft, commonly encountered on the dry forest floor, while a number of species of small frogs, such as spring peepers ( Pseudacris crucifer ), enliven the forest with their calls. Salamanders and other amphibians contribute greatly to nutrient cycling through their consumption of small life forms on the forest floor and in aquatic habitats. Although reptiles are less abundant and diverse than amphibians, a number of snakes are conspicuous members of the fauna. One of the largest is the non-venomous black rat snake ( Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta ), while the common garter snake ( Thamnophis sirtalis) is among the smallest but most abundant. The American copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix) and the timber rattler ( Crotalus horridus) are venomous pit vipers. There are few lizards, but the broad-headed skink ( Eumeces laticeps ), at up to 13 in (33 cm) in length, and an excellent climber and swimmer, is one of the largest and most spectacular in appearance and action. The most common turtle is the eastern box turtle ( Terrapene carolina carolina ), which is found in both upland and lowland forests in the central and southern Appalachians. Prominent among aquatic species is the large common snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ), which occurs throughout the Appalachians. Appalachian streams are notable for their highly diverse freshwater fish life. Among the most abundant and diverse are those of the minnow family (family Cyprinidae ), while species of the colorful darters ( Percina spp.) are also abundant. [28]A characteristic fish of shaded, cool Appalachian forest streams is the wild brook or speckled trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ), which is much sought after as a game fish. However, in past years such trout waters have been much degraded by increasing temperatures due to timber cutting, pollution from various sources and potentially, global warming. See also [ edit]Flora of the Appalachian Mountains Appalachia Appalachian culture Appalachian League Appalachian Mountain Club Appalachian Trail Footnotes [ edit]^ There are at least eight possible pronunciations depending on three factors: Whether the stressed vowel is / æ /,Whether the "ch" is pronounced as a fricative / ʃ / or an affricate / tʃ /, and Whether the final -ia is the monophthong / ᵻ / or the vowel sequence / i ə /. References [ edit]^ "International Appalachian Trail- Newfoundland". Iatnl.ca. Retrieved 2010-11-06.^ Cees R. van Staal, Mineral Deposits of Canada: Regional Metallogeny: Pre-Carboniferous tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Canadian Appalachians Archived March 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ., Geological Survey of Canada website^ "The Mountains That Froze the World". AAAS. Retrieved 2012-04-04.^ "Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains". usgs. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2012-04-04.^ "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S." U. S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-06.^ "The Atlas of Canada—Physiographic Regions". Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-07.^ a b "Geomorphology From Space — Appalachian Mountains". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-27.^ a b "Adirondack Mountains". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2007-12-27.^ a b Weidensaul, Scott (1994). Mountains of the Heart: A Natural History of the Appalachians. Fulcrum Publishing. pp. ix. ISBN 1-55591-139-0.^ After Florida, Cape Canaveral, and Dry Tortugas: Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. pp. 11–13, 17, 18.^ Walls, David (1978), "On the Naming of Appalachia" In An Appalachian Symposium, pp. 56-76.^ Stewart, George R. (1967). Names on the Land. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.^ David Walls, "Appalachia". The Encyclopedia of Appalachia (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 1006–1007.^ Define "Appalachian". Random House Dictionary, online at Dictionary.com. Retrieved 15 May 2011.^ a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Spencer, Arthur Coe (1911). " Appalachian Mountains ". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208.^ Blakey, Ron. "Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America". Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography. Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-04.^ a b "Geologic Provinces of the United States: Appalachian Highlands Province". USGS. Retrieved 2010-07-19.^ Poag, C. Wylie; Sevon, William D. (September 1989). "A record of Appalachian denudation in postrift Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the U. S. Middle Atlantic continental margin". Geomorphology. 2 (1-3): 119–157. doi: 10.1016/0169-555X (89)90009-3.^ Ruppert, Leslie F. "Executive Summary—Coal Resource Assessment of Selected Coal Beds and Zones in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin Coal Regions" (PDF). USGS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-19.^ Palmer, M. A.; Bernhardt, E. S.; Schlesinger, W. H.; Eshleman, K. N.; Foufoula-Georgiou, E.; Hendryx, M. S.; Lemly, A. D.; Likens, G. E.; Loucks, O. L.; Power, M. E.; White, P. S.; Wilcock, P. R. (8 January 2010). "Mountaintop Mining Consequences". Science. 327 (5962): 148–149. doi: 10.1126/science.1180543. ISSN 1095-9203.^ Ryder, R. T. "Appalachian Basin Province (067)" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 2010-07-19.^ Mineral Resources of the Appalachian Region. USGS. 1968. Professional Paper 580.^ Rose Houk, Great Smoky Mountains National Park: A Natural History Guide (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993), pp. 50-62.^ Fowells, H. A., 1965, Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States, Agricultural Handbook No. 271, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington D. C.^ https://www.fws.gov/southeast/pubs/mtbog.pdf^ https://www.fws.gov/refuge/mountain_bogs/^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YF0QNPA8Is M&index=32&list=PLn N7OGI1b J88pzzj PYF-U6pg YTwj_8n He^ Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr 1991, A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes, North America, North of Mexico, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston Sources [ edit]Topographic maps and Geologic Folios of the United States Geological Survey Further reading [ edit]Brooks, Maurice (1965), The Appalachians: The Naturalist's America; illustrated by Lois Darling and Lo Brooks. Boston; Houghton Mifflin Company. Caudill, Harry M. (1963), Night Comes to the Cumberlands. ISBN 0-316-13212-8. Constantz, George (2004), Hollows, Peepers, and Highlanders: an Appalachian Mountain Ecology (2nd edition). West Virginia University Press; Morgantown. 359 p. Olson, Ted (1998), "Blue Ridge Folklife. University Press of Mississippi, 211 pages, ISBN 1-57806-023-0. Rehder, John (2013) "Appalachian Folkways," Koxville: University of Tennessee Press. Chapters iii., iv. and v. of Miss E. C. Semple's American History and its Geographic Conditions (Boston, 1903). Weidensaul, Scott (2000), Mountains of the Heart: A Natural History of the Appalachians. Fulcrum Publishing, 288 pages, ISBN 1-55591-139-0. Bailey Willis, The Northern Appalachians, and C. W. Hayes, The Southern Appalachians, both in National Geographic Monographs, vol. 9. Appalachian flora and fauna-related journals Castanea, the journal of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society. Banisteria, a journal devoted to the natural history of Virginia. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. External links [ edit]Find more about Appalachian Mountains at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Appalachian/Blue Ridge Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu ( slow modem version)Appalachian Mixed Mesophytic Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu ( slow modem version)University of Kentucky Appalachian Center Forests of the Central Appalachians Project Detailed inventories of forest species at dozens of sites. [ show]v t e United States articles Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 246536312 GND: 4079808-2 BNF: cb13505231g (data)Categories: Appalachian Mountains Appalachia Appalachian culture Eastern Canada Eastern United States Geography of Appalachia Great Smoky Mountains National Park Mountain ranges of Alabama Mountain ranges of Canada Mountain ranges of Georgia (U. S. state) Mountain ranges of Kentucky Mountain ranges of Maine Mountain ranges of Maryland Mountain ranges of Massachusetts Mountain ranges of New Brunswick Mountain ranges of New Hampshire Mountain ranges of New Jersey Mountain ranges of Newfoundland and Labrador Mountain ranges of North Carolina Mountain ranges of Nova Scotia Mountain ranges of Pennsylvania Mountain ranges of Quebec Mountain ranges of South Carolina Mountain ranges of Tennessee Mountain ranges of the United States Mountain ranges of Vermont Mountain ranges of Virginia Mountain ranges of West Virginia Physiographic divisions Physiographic regions of Canada Physiographic regions of the United States Output:

Document_ranking4

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':730541 'query':what is chrpe 'pid':D400157 'passage':What is the meaning of the word sustenance?: Your browser does not support audio. What is the meaning of the word sustenance? Looking for the meaning or definition of the word sustenance? Here are some definitions. 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What is the Sundanese word for sustenance? What is the Swahili word for sustenance? What is the Swedish word for sustenance? What is the Tajik word for sustenance? What is the Tamil word for sustenance? What is the Telugu word for sustenance? What is the Thai word for sustenance? What is the Turkish word for sustenance? What is the Ukrainian word for sustenance? What is the Urdu word for sustenance? What is the Uzbek word for sustenance? What is the Vietnamese word for sustenance? What is the Welsh word for sustenance? What is the Xhosa word for sustenance? What is the Yiddish word for sustenance? What is the Yoruba word for sustenance? What is the Zulu word for sustenance? Output:

Document_ranking5

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':810631 'query':what is the characteristic of a plant 'pid':D2514849 'passage':Biology 012 Final Exam: Biology 012 Final Exam95 cards | Created by bethanyj93 | 6 years ago Flashcards Memorize Quiz Match Gravity Biology 012 Lecture Flash Cards View Flashcards Preview Flashcards Front Back RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome Viral DNA makes m RNA by the process of _____. transcription How do prions, which are misfolded proteins, infect organisms Prions enter brain cells and cause normal forms of the protein to refold into the prion form The functioning of enhancers is an example of the stimulation of translation by initiation factorsmi RNAs can control gene expression by what action? binding to m RNAs and degrading them or blocking their translationc DNA is synthesized from what molecule using an enzyme known as what? m RNA ... reverse transcriptase A bacterium is infected with an experimentally constructed bacteriophage composed of the T2 phage protein coat and T4 phage DNA. The new phages produced would have T4 protein and T4 DNAWhich of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true? It is the same as the DNA in one of your heart cells Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they express different genes Which of the following statements best defines the term operon ? An operon is a region of DNA that codes for a series of functionally related genes under the control of the same promoter What molecule binds to promoters in bacteria and transcribes the coding regions of the genes? RNA polymerase What is allosteric regulation? In allosteric regulation, a small molecule binds to a large protein and causes it to change its shape and activity. Under which conditions are the lac structural genes expressed most efficiently? No glucose, high lactose What happens to the expression of the lac I gene if lactose is not available in the cell? There is no change—the lac I gene is constitutively expressed. What is the function of the lac Z gene? This gene encodes an enzyme, b-galactosidase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Which of the following enzymes converts ATP to c AMP Adenylyl cyclase True or false? The mechanism by which glucose inhibits expression of the lac structural genes is known as catabolite stimulation, whereas the mechanism by which lactose stimulates expression of the lac structural genes is known as allosteric regulation. False What would occur if the repressor of an inducible operon were mutated so it could not bind the operator? continuous transcription of the operon's genes Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? genetic material composed of nucleic acid Why are retroviruses considered a special class of viruses? They transcribe RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase. What do we call a virus that attacks a bacterium? phage It is possible for a cell to make proteins that last for months; hemoglobin in red blood cells is a good example. However, many proteins are not this long-lasting; they may be degraded in days, hours, or even minutes. What is the advantage of short-lived proteins? Short-lived proteins enable the cells to control their activities precisely and efficiently The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by _____. Jacob and Monod Which of these is NOT a component of the lac operon?-lactose-utilization genes only -promoter only-regulatory gene only-operator only-promoter and operator regulatory gene only Regulatory proteins bind to _____. the operator In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____. not transcribed Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of what characteristic? length In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel. negative...positive What is the most effective way to stop viral infections? vaccines What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-m RNA? transcription What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of m RNA is used to construct a protein? translation What name is given to the process in which pre-m RNA is edited into m RNA? RNA processing Polypeptides are assembled from _____. amino acids RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____. m RNAWhich one of the following is true of t RNAs? Each t RNA binds a particular amino acid. The anticodon of a particular t RNA molecule is complementary to the corresponding m RNA codon The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____. 5' —> 3'Where does RNA polymerase begin transcribing a gene into m RNA? It starts after a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter. What is the function of RNA polymerase? It unwinds the double helix and adds nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA. During RNA processing a (n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA. modified guanine nucleotide During RNA processing a (n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA. a long string of adenine nucleotides Spliceosomes are composed of _____. sn RNPs and other proteins The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____. exons Translation occurs in the _____. cytoplasm How is translation initiated? -The small ribosomal subunit binds to the m RNA-The t RNA bearing methionine binds to the start codon-The large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one-The start codon signals the start of translation Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism? a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy? Transcription DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following? Organelles Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter? A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene? The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene. What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription? Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand? Complementary What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene? It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription. A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain. three ... amino acid The flow of information in a cell proceeds in what sequence? from DNA to RNA to protein After an RNA molecule is transcribed from a eukaryotic gene, what are removed and what are spliced together to produce an m RNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence? introns ... exons Which component is not directly involved in translation? DNAWhich of the following mutations would likely be most dangerous to a cell? Deletion of one nucleotide What does a mutagen cause? a change in the sequence of DNAWhich of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? genetic material composed of nucleic acid To cause a human pandemic, the H5N1 avian flu virus would have to become capable of human-to-human transmission A bacterium is infected with an experimentally constructed bacteriophage composed of the T2 phage protein coat and T4 phage DNA. The new phages produced would have T4 protein and T4 DNARNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome Viruses can vary with respect to all of the following characteristics except _____. the presence or absence of metabolic machinery A microbiologist analyzes chemicals obtained from an enveloped RNA virus that infects monkeys. He finds that the viral envelope contains a protein characteristic of monkey cells. Which of the following is the most likely explanation? The viral envelope forms as the virus leaves the host cell. Viruses that infect bacteria are called _____. bacteriophages HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, only infects certain cells within the immune system. This is because _____. the virus binds to specific receptors that are only present on certain immune cells Cancer cells often have protein receptor molecules on their surfaces that differ from those on normal body cells. Given this fact, how might viruses be used to treat cancer? Viruses could be engineered to infect only cancer cells by altering viral surface proteins to recognize only the receptors on cancer cells. When a virus infects an E. coli cell, what part of the virus enters the bacterial cytoplasm? only the nucleic acid The phage reproductive cycle that kills the bacterial host cell is a _____ cycle, and a phage that always reproduces this way is a _____ phage. lytic ... virulent In the lytic life cycle of phages _____. the cell typically dies, releasing many copies of the virus Restriction enzymes help defend bacteria against viral infections by _____. cutting viral DNA once it has entered the cell A phage that inserts itself into the host DNA is called _____. lysogenic A prophage is a (n) _____. viral genome that has been incorporated into a bacterial cell's chromosome What is the origin of the phospholipid membrane that envelops many animal viruses? It is "stolen" from the host cell, but it contains some proteins encoded by the viral genome. Why can flare-ups of herpesvirus infection recur throughout a person's life? Herpesvirus can leave its DNA behind as minichromosomes in nerve cell nuclei. Stress can trigger another round of virus production, producing characteristic blisters and sores. How do retroviruses, such as HIV, differ from other viruses? They can transcribe a DNA copy from a RNA template. Reverse transcription, carried out by retroviruses, is the process by which _____. RNA information is copied into DNAWhich statement below is a correct comparison of a "regular" RNA virus and an RNA retrovirus? Both produce protein coats via translation of m RNA. When comparing DNA and RNA viruses, which mutate more quickly, and why? RNA viruses, because no proofreading is done on RNA molecules Vaccines for viral diseases are _____ and help prevent infection by _____. harmless derivatives of pathogenic viruses ... stimulating the immune system to mount a defense against the actual pathogen What is the function of hemagglutinin in the influenza virus? Hemagglutinin is the protein that helps the influenza virus attach to host cells. Birds act as a natural _____ for the influenza _____ virus. reservoir ... AWhich of the following is an example of vertical transmission of a virus in plants? An infected plant produces seeds that contain the virus, giving rise to infected progeny. Plant viruses spread throughout the plant by way of _____. plasmodesmata Circular RNA molecules that function like a virus in plants are termed _____. viroid Prions are _____ that are thought to cause disease by _____. abnormally shaped proteins ... inducing similar but normally shaped proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal form A new pathogenic form of influenza A can emerge when ________. All of the listed factors likely contribute to the emergence of a new pathogenic strain of influenza A. What is the prevailing hypothesis for the surprisingly low infection and mortality rate among people over 64 years of age during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? Older people were likely exposed to earlier H1N1 viruses that primed their immune systems for the virus of the 2009 pandemic. The avian flu virus H5N1 is considered a greater long-term threat than the swine flu virus H1N1 because _____. it has a significantly higher mortality rate In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until several transcription factors have bound to the promoter Which of the following is not true of a codon? It extends from one end of a t RNA molecule. The anticodon of a particular t RNA molecule is complementary to the corresponding m RNA codon. Which of the following is not true of RNA processing? Exons are cut out before m RNA leaves the nucleus. Which component is not directly involved in translation DNA Output:

Document_ranking6

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':814908 'query':what is the definition of distance formula 'pid':D3435789 'passage':What Is the Scientific Definition of Velocity?: Science Measurements Q: What Is the Scientific Definition of Velocity? A: Quick Answer Velocity is a measure of the displacement of an object divided by the time it took to travel that distance. Velocity is commonly measured in meters per second, though other units can be used. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Is Average Velocity? What Is the Scientific Definition of Distance? What Is the Scientific Definition of "weight"? Credit: Hans Neleman Taxi Getty Images Full Answer The equation for velocity is usually written as v = d/t, where v represents velocity, d represents distance and t represents time. Velocity is a vector quantity, which means it implies direction. For velocity to be measured, net displacement must occur. If an object ends at the same location it began, it has zero velocity, no matter how much distance it traveled. This differentiates velocity from speed, which measures distance traveled rather than net displacement. Learn more about Measurements Sources: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu van.physics.illinois.edu Related Questions Q: How Do You Find the Average Velocity in Calculus? A: Average velocity is the result of dividing the distance an object travels by the time it takes to travel that far. The formula for calculating average velo... Full Answer >Filed Under: Calculus Q: What Is the Scientific Definition of Mass? A: Mass is the measure of the amount of matter an object contains, and it represents the number of atoms in an object. The basic unit of mass is the kilogram. Full Answer >Filed Under: Physics Q: What Is Velocity Measured In? A: Velocity is a vector quantity measured in units of length per time. Using the United States customary unit of measurement, velocity is typically given in m... Full Answer >Filed Under: Measurements Q: How Do You Measure Angles Without a Protractor? A: Komplexify explains that, for any acute angle where two sides measure 3" on each ray, one can measure the distance between the two 3" rays and multiply by ... Full Answer >Filed Under: Measurements You May Also Like Q: What Is 4 Cubic Centimeters Equal To? Q: How Does Temperature Affect What a Gallon of Propane Gas Weighs? Q: How Do You Convert a Whole Number to a Percentage? Q: What Is 3 Ounces Equal To? Q: How Many Inches Are in 1 Foot? Q: How Much Do 100 Pennies Weigh? Output:

Document_ranking7

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':334918 'query':how old is emma kasich 'pid':D897734 'passage':John Kasich Enters 2016 Race, Hoping Centrist Appeal Sets Him Apart: Politics John Kasich Enters 2016 Race, Hoping Centrist Appeal Sets Him Apart By SHERYL GAY STOLBERG JULY 21, 2015Gov. John R. Kasich, Republican of Ohio, announced at an event in Columbus, Ohio, on Tuesday that he is seeking the Republican presidential nomination for 2016. By Associated Press on July 21, 2015. Photo by Aaron P. Bernstein/Reuters. Watch in Times Video »embed COLUMBUS, Ohio — Gov. John R. Kasich, a voluble and blunt-talking maverick who is hoping his upbeat vision for a united America can catapult him to the White House, declared Tuesday that he is running for president, telling a crowd here that he has “the experience and the testing — the testing which shapes you and prepares you for the most important job in the world.”Mr. Kasich, joined by his wife and 15-year-old twin daughters, addressed several thousand cheering supporters inside the student union building at Ohio State University here, offering a centrist appeal designed to paint him as a common-sense Midwesterner who can fix a broken Washington. He avoided attacking President Obama, as his Republican rivals have done. The event was a return of sorts: As an 18-year-old Ohio State freshman in 1970, Mr. Kasich wrote President Richard M. Nixon to plead, successfully, to visit the White House. But Mr. Kasich seemed determined to link himself to another Republican president, the conservative hero, Ronald Reagan, whose optimistic oratory he sought to evoke.“The sun is rising, and the sun is going to rise to the zenith in America again,” Mr. Kasich said at one point, recounting his advice to citizens of an Ohio community whose economy was devastated by job losses during the recession. He wrapped up his speech with another Reagan-esque declaration: “The light of a city on a hill cannot be hidden. America is that city, and you are that light.”Mr. Kasich, 63, became the 16th prominent Republican to enter the 2016 field. As a two-term governor in a critical swing state — no candidate since John F. Kennedy in 1960 has won the White House without winning Ohio — he is a credible candidate, though his late entry means he has catch-up work to do. He is also an unconventional one. What John Kasich Would Need to Do to Win His 43-minute, sometimes meandering speech, delivered with notes but no script and no teleprompter, was classic Kasich. It was gritty and at times defiant: “They said it couldn’t be done; we proved them wrong,” he said, recounting naysayers he has met along the way. And it was laden with his faith-inspired, if idiosyncratic, pearls of life wisdom. Related Coverage Who Is Running for President? JAN. 30, 2015John Kasich on the Issues JULY 21, 2015FIRST DRAFTLong Before His Candidacy, John Kasich Made It to the White House JULY 20, 2015Kasich Looks to Republican Primaries, ‘Ohio Story’ in Hand MARCH 19, 2015John Kasich, Ohio’s Republican Rebel, Nears Run for President JUNE 16, 2015Recent Comments See All Comments Write a comment“ ‘The dog ate my homework’ went out in the fifth grade,” Mr. Kasich said at one point, talking about personal responsibility. Describing a Holocaust memorial on the grounds of the Ohio statehouse, he said: “There’s this line etched in it that says, ‘If you’ve saved one life, you’ve saved the world.’ Do you believe that?” Later, he described himself as “a flawed man trying to honor God’s blessings in my life.”Mr. Kasich also spoke of “two wonderful African-American fellows” he met at a Wendy’s restaurant who, he said, urged him to run. (Mr. Kasich won a quarter of the black vote when he won re-election in 2014.) He told them that other candidates would have more money. “And they looked at me,” he said, “and said, ‘But you’ve got statistics.’ “In ignoring Mr. Obama, the governor may have missed an opportunity to gin up enthusiasm on the Republican right — a constituency that is already suspicious of him because of some of his moderate policy positions, including his expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act.“This is about the future and bringing people together,” John Weaver, Mr. Kasich’s chief strategist, said after the speech, when asked about the omission. “Barack Obama is not on the ballot.”Gov. John R. Kasich on Tuesday in Columbus, Ohio, with his wife, Karen, and daughters, Reese, right, and Emma. John Minchillo/Associated Press The son of a postman from working-class Mc Kees Rocks, Pa., Mr. Kasich won his first election, to the Ohio Senate, when he was 24. At 30, in 1982, he won a seat in Congress, becoming the only nonincumbent Republican that year to defeat an incumbent Democrat. He went on to lead the House Budget Committee and led a successful effort to balance the federal budget when Bill Clinton was president — an achievement he is seeking to spotlight in his campaign. He is also highlighting his national security credentials (he spent 18 years on the House Armed Services Committee) and what he calls his “Ohio story,” of jobs and economic recovery as governor, boasting of the $2 billion surplus his state has amassed on his watch.“We are going to take the lessons of the heartland,” he said here Tuesday, “and straighten out Washington, D. C.”But first, voters must figure out who Mr. Kasich is. The governor is not nearly as well known as other candidates; polls show about 2 percent of Republicans back him. A critical early test for Mr. Kasich, analysts say, will be whether he can raise those numbers enough to land a spot in the Aug. 6 Republican debate in Cleveland, in his own backyard. But it may be too late; only the top 10 candidates in polling will make the cut.“The first debate, to me, is the first primary,” said Matthew Dowd, the chief strategist for George W. Bush’s 2004 re-election campaign. He views Mr. Kasich — along with Gov. Scott Walker of Wisconsin; Jeb Bush, the former Florida governor; and Senator Marco Rubio of Florida — as the candidates who “have a real legitimate shot at winning the nomination.”Graphic Stacking Up the Presidential Fields The Republican party has 16 major presidential candidates this cycle — three times the number of Democrats and more than any other field in recent history. OPEN Graphic But, Mr. Dowd said, “he needs to get on that stage.”Kasich aides say they are not nearly as concerned with the debate as they are with the actual first primary in February, in New Hampshire, where independent-minded Republicans — like the Ohio governor and Senator John Mc Cain of Arizona, some of whose former advisers, including Mr. Weaver, now work for Mr. Kasich — have traditionally fared well. Leading the Kasich effort in New Hampshire is John E. Sununu, the former senator, who warmed up the crowd on Tuesday by reminding it of Mr. Kasich’s work in Washington. Morning Briefing Get what you need to know to start your day in the United States, Canada and the Americas, delivered to your inbox. Sign Up You agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for The New York Times's products and services. See Sample Privacy Policy Opt out or contact us anytime“He helped us achieve things that we honestly did not think we had in us,” Mr. Sununu said. After his speech, Mr. Kasich headed to New Hampshire for several days of town-hall-style meetings. (He will also make stops later in the week in South Carolina, Iowa and Michigan. )The political action committee supporting his election, New Day for America, has already spent more than $2 million on television advertising in the Boston market, which reaches into New Hampshire, where a new ad began running on Tuesday. Write A Comment Like Mr. Mc Cain, Mr. Kasich is brusque and often combative — even his own aides describe him, euphemistically, as “impatient” — and questions about his temperament have dogged him throughout his career. (“Is John Kasich too big a jerk to be president?” a Cleveland newspaper columnist asked this month. )But here in Columbus, supporters see Mr. Kasich’s bluntness as an asset.“He’s sort of ornery,” said John Novotny, a dentist, waiting in line to hear the governor speak. “He says what he feels, and I kind of like that. It’s like he’s not kowtowing to everybody. I hope he stays that way.”Correction: July 21, 2015 Earlier versions of this article made an erroneous distinction about the election of John R. Kasich to the House in 1982. He was the only nonincumbent Republican that year to defeat an incumbent Democrat. He was not the only Republican to defeat an incumbent Democrat. Find out what you need to know about the 2016 presidential race today, and get politics news updates via Facebook, Twitter and the First Draft newsletter. A version of this article appears in print on July 22, 2015, on Page A19 of the New York edition with the headline: Kasich Enters 2016 G. O. P. Race, Hoping Centrist Appeal Sets Him Apart . Order Reprints Today's Paper Subscribe Output:

Document_ranking8

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':1049877 'query':who sang honeycomb 'pid':D907060 'passage':Tetrapod (structure): Tetrapod (structure)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the structure. For four-limbed vertebrates, see Tetrapod. Tetrapods with numbering held in storage. Tetrapods protect an earlier seawall in Ventnor, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom. Tetrapods along the waterfront at Mumbai, India. Tetrapods protect the breakwater leading to the Walton Lighthouse at the entrance to the Santa Cruz Harbor in California, United States. Tetrapods protecting a marina on Crete, Greece. Tetrapods are a type of structure in coastal engineering used to prevent erosion caused by weather and longshore drift, primarily to enforce coastal structures such as seawalls and breakwaters. Tetrapods are made of concrete, and use a tetrahedral shape to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against them, and to reduce displacement by interlocking. [1] [2]History [ edit]Tetrapods were originally developed in 1950 by Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac of Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique (now ARTELIA) in Grenoble, France, who received a patent for the design. [3] The name was derived from Ancient Greek, with tetra - meaning four and - pode meaning foot, a reference to the tetrahedral shape. Tetrapods were first used at the thermal power station in Roches Noires in Casablanca, Morocco, to protect the sea water intake. [4] [5] Their success saw Tetrapods become popular across the world, particularly in Japan where their manufacture and dispersal still create jobs and contracts for construction companies. It is estimated that nearly 50 percent of Japan's 35,000 kilometers (22,000 mi) coastline has been covered or somehow altered by Tetrapods and other forms of concrete. The proliferation of Tetrapods on the island of Okinawa, a popular vacation destination in Japan, has made it difficult for tourists to find unaltered beaches and shoreline, especially in the southern half of the island. [6]The Tetrapod inspired many similar concrete structures for use in breakwaters, including the Modified Cube (United States, 1959), the Stabit ( United Kingdom, 1961), the Akmon ( The Netherlands, 1962), the Dolos ( South Africa, 1963), the Stabilopod ( Romania, 1969), [7] the Seabee ( Australia, 1978), the Accropode (France, 1981), the Hollow Cube ( Germany, 1991), the A-jack (United States, 1998), and the Xbloc (The Netherlands, 2001), among others. In Japan, the word tetrapod is often used as a generic name for wave-dissipating blocks including other types and shapes. [6]See also [ edit]Artificial reef Breakwater (structure)Coastal management Coastal erosion Dolos KOLOSOcean surface wave Seawall Xbloc References [ edit]^ "What are Tetrapods? (Tetrapods Resist Wave Impact and Prevent Beach Erosion)". Brighthub Engineering. Retrieved 2017-08-02.^ Park, Sang Kil; et al. (2014). "Effects of vertical wall and tetrapod weights on wave overtopping in rubble mound breakwaters under irregular wave conditions" (PDF). Retrieved 2 August 2014.^ Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac (1963) Improvements in or relating to artificial blocks for building structures exposed to the action of moving water [1]^ Danel, Pierre (1953). "TETRAPODS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings. 1 (4): 28. doi: 10.9753/icce.v4.28. ISSN 2156-1028.^ Danel, Pierre (1967). "The Tetrapod". Retrieved 2 August 2017.^ a b Hesse, Stephen (2007-07-22). "TETRAPODS". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2017-08-02.^ Spătaru, A (1990). "Breakwaters for the Protection of Romanian Beaches". Coastal Engineering. Elsevier Science Publishers (14). Lagasse, P. F. (2007). Countermeasures to protect bridge piers from scour. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Research Board. ISBN 0-309-09909-9. Hesse, Stephen. "The Japan Times environment columnist". Don't You Just Love 'Em ... Tetrapods. The Japan Times. Retrieved 13 May 2011. Zimmerman, ed. by Claus (2005). Environmentally friendly coastal protection : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection Structures, Varna, Bulgaria, 25-27 May 2004 (Online-Ausg. ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-3299-8. Wijers-Hasegawa Hesse, Yumi. "Tetrapodistas: Beauty beheld in huge concrete forms". The Japan Times. Hesse, Stephen. "Loving and Loathing Japan's Concrete Coasts, Where Tetrapods Reign". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tetrapods. [ hide]v t e Coastal management Management Accretion Coastal engineering Coastal management Integrated coastal zone management Managed retreat Submersion Hard engineering A-jack Accropode Akmon Artificial reef Breachway Breakwater Cliff stabilization Dolos Flood wall Floodgate Gabion Groyne Levee Hard engineering Honeycomb sea wall Hudson's equation KOLOS Revetment Riprap Seawall Tetrapod Training wall Xbloc Soft engineering Beach nourishment Beach drainage Living shorelines Sand dune stabilization Soft engineering Soft shore remediation Related topics Beach evolution Coastal erosion Land reclamation Longshore transport Modern recession of beaches Stream restoration Stream restoration Categories: Coastal engineering Marine revetments Output:

Document_ranking9

You are a passage reranking assistant. Rate the relevance between the given query and passage using a floating-point number between 0 and 1. The query includes a query ID (qid) and the query content (query). Each passage includes a passage ID (pid) and the passage content (passage). - A score close to **1.00** means the passage is **highly relevant** to the query. - A score close to **0.00** means the passage is **not relevant** to the query. - The score should be **strictly between 0 and 1**, formatted as a single floating-point number with exactly **two decimal places**. Output only a single number between 0.00 and 1.00, rounded to two decimal places as the final score, with no explanation. Input: 'qid':183696 'query':explain how the impeachment process works 'pid':D1445822 'passage':This is how impeachment works â and what a president would have to do to be impeached: facebook linkedin twitter What is the impeachment process, and what does a president have to do to get impeached? Columbia Law School's professor of legislation Richard Briffault stopped by the Business Insider newsroom to spell out exactly how the impeachment process works. FULL TRANSCRIPT: Well, the Constitution provides that the president can be impeached for treason, bribery, and what it calls other high crimes and misdemeanors. The Constitution doesn't actually define what "other high crimes and misdemeanors" means. The historical sense is that it basically means, kind of, serious political crimes, sort of crimes against the state, crimes that involve abuse of office, abuse of power, abuse of trust. The combination of the scholarly learning and of the handful of impeachments that we've had, suggest that the behavior doesn't actually have to be a crime. We have had some people, mostly judges, who've been impeached for behavior which wasn't technically a crime, and not all crimes would be the basis for impeachment. If somebody is convicted of speeding or jaywalking, or maybe even on drunk driving, that might not be considered serious enough to justify impeachment. The process would begin in the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives acts like a grand jury. It has the sole power to start an impeachment. They can do that by a simple majority vote. They would, in effect, adopt articles of impeachment. They would adopt some number of relatively specific charges that they say is the basis that would justify forcing a president or a judge to forfeit their office. That would then proceed to the Senate. The impeachment is actually what the House of Representatives does. The conviction is by, would be by the Senate. And the Senate acts as the court, to try the impeachment. Follow BI Video: On Twitter Output: