{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# 🏎️ Analyzing Formula 1 Telemetry Data and Making Lap Time Predictions Using Machine Learning\n", "\n", "## Introduction\n", "Formula 1 racing combines speed, precision, and strategy, making it a fascinating arena for data analysis. In this tutorial, we will explore how to analyze Formula 1 telemetry data and predict lap times using machine learning techniques.\n", "\n", "### Motivation\n", "\n", "Suppose you work for a racing team and your strategy engineer wants to know in advance an estimate of what the driver's lap time will be\n", "\n", "This notebook shows how to solve this problem.\n", "\n", "![image.png](./images/sector-time.png)\n", "\n", "By the end of this guide, you will understand how to:\n", "- 📊 preprocess data\n", "- 👨💻 engineer features \n", "- 🤖 train predictive models \n", "- 💯 interpret the results\n", " \n", "All within the dynamic world of Formula 1 🏁\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Data Description\n", "### Dataset Overview\n", "\n", "- Provide a brief description of the dataset being used, including the source and key variables.\n", "- Example: \"The dataset includes telemetry data from various Formula 1 races, with variables such as speed, throttle position, gear, RPM, and lap time.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 95, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "import fastf1\n", "import ydf\n", "import pandas as pd\n", "import fastf1.plotting\n", "import seaborn as sns\n", "import numpy as np\n", "import plotly.io as pio\n", "import plotly.express as px\n", "\n", "fastf1.plotting.setup_mpl(misc_mpl_mods=False)\n", "pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None)\n", "pio.renderers.default = \"vscode\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Variables and Data Sources\n", "\n", "- List and describe the main variables in the dataset.\n", " - Example: \"Speed (in km/h), Throttle Position (percentage), Gear (current gear), RPM (revolutions per minute), Lap Time (seconds).\"\n", "- Mention the source of the data.\n", " - Example: \"The data is sourced from Kaggle Formula 1 Telemetry Dataset.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 101, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [], "source": [ "GRAND_PRIX = 'Imola'\n", "YEAR = 2024\n", "DRIVER = 'HAM'\n", "SESSIONS = [\n", " # 'FP1', \n", " # 'Sprint', \n", " # 'Sprint Qualifying', \n", " # 'Qualifying', \n", " 'Race'\n", "]" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "### Data Preprocessing\n", "\n", "- Placeholder for preprocessing steps.\n", " - Example: \"Data cleaning, handling missing values, converting units if necessary, and normalizing features.\"" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 110, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stderr", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "core INFO \tLoading data for Emilia Romagna Grand Prix - Race [v3.3.6]\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.core:Loading data for Emilia Romagna Grand Prix - Race [v3.3.6]\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for session_info\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for session_info\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for driver_info\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for driver_info\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for session_status_data\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for session_status_data\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for lap_count\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for lap_count\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for track_status_data\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for track_status_data\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for _extended_timing_data\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for _extended_timing_data\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for timing_app_data\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for timing_app_data\n", "core INFO \tProcessing timing data...\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.core:Processing timing data...\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for car_data\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for car_data\n", "req INFO \tUsing cached data for position_data\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.req:Using cached data for position_data\n", "core INFO \tFinished loading data for 20 drivers: ['1', '4', '16', '81', '55', '44', '63', '11', '18', '22', '27', '20', '3', '31', '24', '10', '2', '77', '14', '23']\n", "INFO:fastf1.fastf1.core:Finished loading data for 20 drivers: ['1', '4', '16', '81', '55', '44', '63', '11', '18', '22', '27', '20', '3', '31', '24', '10', '2', '77', '14', '23']\n" ] }, { "data": { "text/html": [ "
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18 | \n", "4894.829 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.974000 | \n", "19.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.799 | \n", "28.617 | \n", "27.558 | \n", "0 days 01:20:38.634000 | \n", "0 days 01:21:07.251000 | \n", "0 days 01:21:34.809000 | \n", "214.0 | \n", "253.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "19.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:20:12.855000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:27:52.841 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
19 | \n", "4977.051 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:22.222000 | \n", "20.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.837 | \n", "28.636 | \n", "27.749 | \n", "0 days 01:22:00.646000 | \n", "0 days 01:22:29.282000 | \n", "0 days 01:22:57.031000 | \n", "213.0 | \n", "253.0 | \n", "275.0 | \n", "286.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "20.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:21:34.829000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:29:14.815 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
20 | \n", "5059.326 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:22.275000 | \n", "21.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.983 | \n", "28.650 | \n", "27.642 | \n", "0 days 01:23:23.014000 | \n", "0 days 01:23:51.664000 | \n", "0 days 01:24:19.306000 | \n", "212.0 | \n", "252.0 | \n", "278.0 | \n", "287.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "21.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:22:57.051000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:30:37.037 | \n", "1 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
21 | \n", "5141.172 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.846000 | \n", "22.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.746 | \n", "28.636 | \n", "27.464 | \n", "0 days 01:24:45.052000 | \n", "0 days 01:25:13.688000 | \n", "0 days 01:25:41.152000 | \n", "NaN | \n", "253.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "22.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:24:19.326000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:31:59.312 | \n", "1 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
22 | \n", "5222.733 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.561000 | \n", "23.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.730 | \n", "28.493 | \n", "27.338 | \n", "0 days 01:26:06.882000 | \n", "0 days 01:26:35.375000 | \n", "0 days 01:27:02.713000 | \n", "216.0 | \n", "254.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "23.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:25:41.172000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:33:21.158 | \n", "1 | \n", "5.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
23 | \n", "5305.078 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:22.345000 | \n", "24.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.735 | \n", "29.206 | \n", "27.404 | \n", "0 days 01:27:28.448000 | \n", "0 days 01:27:57.654000 | \n", "0 days 01:28:25.058000 | \n", "212.0 | \n", "253.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "283.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "24.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:27:02.733000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:34:42.719 | \n", "1 | \n", "4.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
24 | \n", "5386.570 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.492000 | \n", "25.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.732 | \n", "28.516 | \n", "27.244 | \n", "0 days 01:28:50.790000 | \n", "0 days 01:29:19.306000 | \n", "0 days 01:29:46.550000 | \n", "215.0 | \n", "255.0 | \n", "278.0 | \n", "285.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "25.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:28:25.078000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:36:05.064 | \n", "1 | \n", "3.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
25 | \n", "5472.916 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:26.346000 | \n", "26.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.873 | \n", "32.145 | \n", "28.328 | \n", "0 days 01:30:12.423000 | \n", "0 days 01:30:44.568000 | \n", "0 days 01:31:12.896000 | \n", "213.0 | \n", "213.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "291.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "26.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:29:46.570000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:37:26.556 | \n", "1 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
26 | \n", "5559.131 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:26.215000 | \n", "27.0 | \n", "1.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "0 days 01:32:34.729000 | \n", "25.439 | \n", "28.833 | \n", "31.943 | \n", "0 days 01:31:38.335000 | \n", "0 days 01:32:07.168000 | \n", "0 days 01:32:39.111000 | \n", "210.0 | \n", "245.0 | \n", "NaN | \n", "278.0 | \n", "False | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "27.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:31:12.916000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:38:52.902 | \n", "1 | \n", "3.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "False | \n", "
27 | \n", "5662.537 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:43.406000 | \n", "28.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "0 days 01:33:04.332000 | \n", "NaT | \n", "48.223 | \n", "28.219 | \n", "26.964 | \n", "0 days 01:33:27.334000 | \n", "0 days 01:33:55.553000 | \n", "0 days 01:34:22.517000 | \n", "213.0 | \n", "254.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "1.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:32:39.131000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:40:19.117 | \n", "1 | \n", "9.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "False | \n", "
28 | \n", "5743.130 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.593000 | \n", "29.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.505 | \n", "28.123 | \n", "26.965 | \n", "0 days 01:34:48.022000 | \n", "0 days 01:35:16.145000 | \n", "0 days 01:35:43.110000 | \n", "217.0 | \n", "253.0 | \n", "277.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "True | \n", "HARD | \n", "2.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:34:22.537000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:42:02.523 | \n", "1 | \n", "9.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
29 | \n", "5823.716 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.586000 | \n", "30.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.537 | \n", "28.089 | \n", "26.960 | \n", "0 days 01:36:08.647000 | \n", "0 days 01:36:36.736000 | \n", "0 days 01:37:03.696000 | \n", "215.0 | \n", "252.0 | \n", "279.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "True | \n", "HARD | \n", "3.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:35:43.130000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:43:23.116 | \n", "1 | \n", "9.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
30 | \n", "5905.453 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.737000 | \n", "31.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.692 | \n", "28.674 | \n", "27.371 | \n", "0 days 01:37:29.388000 | \n", "0 days 01:37:58.062000 | \n", "0 days 01:38:25.433000 | \n", "214.0 | \n", "256.0 | \n", "276.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "4.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:37:03.716000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:44:43.702 | \n", "1 | \n", "8.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
31 | \n", "5986.613 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.160000 | \n", "32.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.670 | \n", "28.300 | \n", "27.190 | \n", "0 days 01:38:51.103000 | \n", "0 days 01:39:19.403000 | \n", "0 days 01:39:46.593000 | \n", "NaN | \n", "252.0 | \n", "278.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "5.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:38:25.453000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:46:05.439 | \n", "1 | \n", "8.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
32 | \n", "6067.555 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.942000 | \n", "33.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.705 | \n", "28.188 | \n", "27.049 | \n", "0 days 01:40:12.298000 | \n", "0 days 01:40:40.486000 | \n", "0 days 01:41:07.535000 | \n", "216.0 | \n", "257.0 | \n", "279.0 | \n", "285.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "6.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:39:46.613000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:47:26.599 | \n", "1 | \n", "8.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
33 | \n", "6148.519 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.964000 | \n", "34.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.570 | \n", "28.263 | \n", "27.131 | \n", "0 days 01:41:33.105000 | \n", "0 days 01:42:01.368000 | \n", "0 days 01:42:28.499000 | \n", "218.0 | \n", "257.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "287.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "7.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:41:07.555000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:48:47.541 | \n", "1 | \n", "8.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
34 | \n", "6230.684 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:22.165000 | \n", "35.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.728 | \n", "28.898 | \n", "27.539 | \n", "0 days 01:42:54.227000 | \n", "0 days 01:43:23.125000 | \n", "0 days 01:43:50.664000 | \n", "209.0 | \n", "255.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "286.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "8.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:42:28.519000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:50:08.505 | \n", "1 | \n", "8.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
35 | \n", "6313.742 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:23.058000 | \n", "36.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "26.525 | \n", "28.968 | \n", "27.565 | \n", "0 days 01:44:17.189000 | \n", "0 days 01:44:46.157000 | \n", "0 days 01:45:13.722000 | \n", "211.0 | \n", "253.0 | \n", "283.0 | \n", "283.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "9.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:43:50.684000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:51:30.670 | \n", "1 | \n", "8.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
36 | \n", "6394.490 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.748000 | \n", "37.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.191 | \n", "28.360 | \n", "27.197 | \n", "0 days 01:45:38.913000 | \n", "0 days 01:46:07.273000 | \n", "0 days 01:46:34.470000 | \n", "208.0 | \n", "251.0 | \n", "278.0 | \n", "279.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "10.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:45:13.742000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:52:53.728 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
37 | \n", "6475.036 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.546000 | \n", "38.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.560 | \n", "28.108 | \n", "26.878 | \n", "0 days 01:47:00.030000 | \n", "0 days 01:47:28.138000 | \n", "0 days 01:47:55.016000 | \n", "219.0 | \n", "255.0 | \n", "279.0 | \n", "289.0 | \n", "True | \n", "HARD | \n", "11.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:46:34.490000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:54:14.476 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
38 | \n", "6555.713 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.677000 | \n", "39.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.642 | \n", "28.132 | \n", "26.903 | \n", "0 days 01:48:20.658000 | \n", "0 days 01:48:48.790000 | \n", "0 days 01:49:15.693000 | \n", "217.0 | \n", "256.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "285.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "12.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:47:55.036000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:55:35.022 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
39 | \n", "6636.550 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.837000 | \n", "40.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.587 | \n", "28.161 | \n", "27.089 | \n", "0 days 01:49:41.280000 | \n", "0 days 01:50:09.441000 | \n", "0 days 01:50:36.530000 | \n", "214.0 | \n", "252.0 | \n", "279.0 | \n", "281.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "13.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:49:15.713000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:56:55.699 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
40 | \n", "6717.189 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.639000 | \n", "41.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.484 | \n", "28.126 | \n", "27.029 | \n", "0 days 01:51:02.014000 | \n", "0 days 01:51:30.140000 | \n", "0 days 01:51:57.169000 | \n", "216.0 | \n", "255.0 | \n", "278.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "14.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:50:36.550000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:58:16.536 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
41 | \n", "6797.623 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.434000 | \n", "42.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.547 | \n", "27.982 | \n", "26.905 | \n", "0 days 01:52:22.716000 | \n", "0 days 01:52:50.698000 | \n", "0 days 01:53:17.603000 | \n", "NaN | \n", "256.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "285.0 | \n", "True | \n", "HARD | \n", "15.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:51:57.189000 | \n", "2024-05-19 13:59:37.175 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
42 | \n", "6877.954 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.331000 | \n", "43.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.443 | \n", "27.961 | \n", "26.927 | \n", "0 days 01:53:43.046000 | \n", "0 days 01:54:11.007000 | \n", "0 days 01:54:37.934000 | \n", "218.0 | \n", "258.0 | \n", "281.0 | \n", "285.0 | \n", "True | \n", "HARD | \n", "16.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:53:17.623000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:00:57.609 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
43 | \n", "6958.797 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.843000 | \n", "44.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.507 | \n", "28.267 | \n", "27.069 | \n", "0 days 01:55:03.441000 | \n", "0 days 01:55:31.708000 | \n", "0 days 01:55:58.777000 | \n", "206.0 | \n", "258.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "17.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:54:37.954000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:02:17.940 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
44 | \n", "7039.378 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.581000 | \n", "45.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.454 | \n", "28.199 | \n", "26.928 | \n", "0 days 01:56:24.231000 | \n", "0 days 01:56:52.430000 | \n", "0 days 01:57:19.358000 | \n", "213.0 | \n", "257.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "285.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "18.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:55:58.797000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:03:38.783 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
45 | \n", "7120.322 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.944000 | \n", "46.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.593 | \n", "28.296 | \n", "27.055 | \n", "0 days 01:57:44.951000 | \n", "0 days 01:58:13.247000 | \n", "0 days 01:58:40.302000 | \n", "211.0 | \n", "258.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "287.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "19.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:57:19.378000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:04:59.364 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
46 | \n", "7201.391 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.069000 | \n", "47.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.578 | \n", "28.403 | \n", "27.088 | \n", "0 days 01:59:05.880000 | \n", "0 days 01:59:34.283000 | \n", "0 days 02:00:01.371000 | \n", "214.0 | \n", "257.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "20.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 01:58:40.322000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:06:20.308 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
47 | \n", "7282.312 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.921000 | \n", "48.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.556 | \n", "28.348 | \n", "27.017 | \n", "0 days 02:00:26.927000 | \n", "0 days 02:00:55.275000 | \n", "0 days 02:01:22.292000 | \n", "212.0 | \n", "255.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "283.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "21.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 02:00:01.391000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:07:41.377 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
48 | \n", "7363.494 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.182000 | \n", "49.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.576 | \n", "28.490 | \n", "27.116 | \n", "0 days 02:01:47.868000 | \n", "0 days 02:02:16.358000 | \n", "0 days 02:02:43.474000 | \n", "216.0 | \n", "256.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "286.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "22.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 02:01:22.312000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:09:02.298 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
49 | \n", "7444.192 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.698000 | \n", "50.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.379 | \n", "28.223 | \n", "27.096 | \n", "0 days 02:03:08.853000 | \n", "0 days 02:03:37.076000 | \n", "0 days 02:04:04.172000 | \n", "NaN | \n", "255.0 | \n", "281.0 | \n", "284.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "23.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 02:02:43.494000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:10:23.480 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
50 | \n", "7524.968 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:20.776000 | \n", "51.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.481 | \n", "28.319 | \n", "26.976 | \n", "0 days 02:04:29.653000 | \n", "0 days 02:04:57.972000 | \n", "0 days 02:05:24.948000 | \n", "218.0 | \n", "258.0 | \n", "281.0 | \n", "287.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "24.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 02:04:04.192000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:11:44.178 | \n", "1 | \n", "7.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
51 | \n", "7606.144 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.176000 | \n", "52.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.580 | \n", "28.336 | \n", "27.260 | \n", "0 days 02:05:50.528000 | \n", "0 days 02:06:18.864000 | \n", "0 days 02:06:46.124000 | \n", "215.0 | \n", "257.0 | \n", "282.0 | \n", "287.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "25.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 02:05:24.968000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:13:04.954 | \n", "1 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
52 | \n", "7687.559 | \n", "HAM | \n", "44 | \n", "0 days 00:01:21.415000 | \n", "53.0 | \n", "2.0 | \n", "NaT | \n", "NaT | \n", "25.781 | \n", "28.426 | \n", "27.208 | \n", "0 days 02:07:11.905000 | \n", "0 days 02:07:40.331000 | \n", "0 days 02:08:07.539000 | \n", "211.0 | \n", "258.0 | \n", "280.0 | \n", "286.0 | \n", "False | \n", "HARD | \n", "26.0 | \n", "True | \n", "Mercedes | \n", "0 days 02:06:46.144000 | \n", "2024-05-19 14:14:26.130 | \n", "1 | \n", "6.0 | \n", "None | \n", "\n", " | False | \n", "True | \n", "
\n", " | 0 | \n", "
---|---|
Stint | \n", "1.0 | \n", "
Sector1Time | \n", "NaT | \n", "
Sector2Time | \n", "0 days 00:00:29.112000 | \n", "
Sector3Time | \n", "0 days 00:00:27.601000 | \n", "
SpeedI1 | \n", "215.0 | \n", "
SpeedI2 | \n", "254.0 | \n", "
Compound | \n", "MEDIUM | \n", "
TyreLife | \n", "1.0 | \n", "
FreshTyre | \n", "True | \n", "
TrackStatus | \n", "1 | \n", "
Variable importances measure the importance of an input feature for a model.
1. "Sector2Time" 0.002657 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedI1" 0.000462 ###\n", " 3. "SpeedI2" -0.000000 \n", " 4. "Stint" -0.000000 \n", " 5. "Compound" -0.000000 \n", " 6. "TyreLife" -0.000000 \n", " 7. "FreshTyre" -0.000000 \n", " 8. "TrackStatus" -0.000000 \n", " 9. "Sector1Time" -0.000139 \n", "
1. "Sector2Time" 0.532258 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedI2" 0.342222 #####\n", " 3. "Compound" 0.322176 ####\n", " 4. "TyreLife" 0.280340 #\n", " 5. "SpeedI1" 0.268761 #\n", " 6. "Stint" 0.260135 \n", " 7. "FreshTyre" 0.260135 \n", " 8. "Sector1Time" 0.249865 \n", "
1. "Sector2Time" 7.000000 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedI2" 4.000000 \n", "
1. "Sector2Time" 18.000000 ################\n", " 2. "TyreLife" 16.000000 ##############\n", " 3. "SpeedI1" 7.000000 #####\n", " 4. "Compound" 6.000000 ####\n", " 5. "Sector1Time" 5.000000 ###\n", " 6. "SpeedI2" 5.000000 ###\n", " 7. "Stint" 2.000000 \n", " 8. "FreshTyre" 2.000000 \n", "
1. "Sector2Time" 681.742196 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedI2" 197.385498 ####\n", " 3. "Compound" 7.201797 \n", " 4. "Stint" 4.074383 \n", " 5. "FreshTyre" 2.347848 \n", " 6. "TyreLife" 1.730018 \n", " 7. "Sector1Time" 1.391905 \n", " 8. "SpeedI1" 1.181605 \n", "
Number of records: 79\n", "Number of columns: 11\n", "\n", "Number of columns by type:\n", "\tNUMERICAL: 9 (81.8182%)\n", "\tCATEGORICAL: 2 (18.1818%)\n", "\n", "Columns:\n", "\n", "NUMERICAL: 9 (81.8182%)\n", "\t0: "Sector3TimeInSeconds" NUMERICAL mean:26.9429 min:25.65 max:41.716 sd:3.4253\n", "\t2: "Stint" NUMERICAL mean:1.62025 min:1 max:2 sd:0.485324\n", "\t3: "SpeedI1" NUMERICAL num-nas:13 (16.4557%) mean:202.212 min:83 max:216 sd:27.5563\n", "\t4: "SpeedI2" NUMERICAL mean:182.646 min:119 max:188 sd:10.0732\n", "\t5: "SpeedFL" NUMERICAL num-nas:2 (2.53165%) mean:270.091 min:93 max:281 sd:26.9782\n", "\t6: "SpeedST" NUMERICAL mean:302.19 min:107 max:327 sd:41.3672\n", "\t8: "TyreLife" NUMERICAL mean:15.7722 min:1 max:33 sd:8.40727\n", "\t9: "Sector1TimeInSeconds" NUMERICAL num-nas:1 (1.26582%) mean:32.7961 min:30.328 max:59.211 sd:5.92089\n", "\t10: "Sector2TimeInSeconds" NUMERICAL mean:36.5636 min:34.729 max:58.821 sd:4.73604\n", "\n", "CATEGORICAL: 2 (18.1818%)\n", "\t1: "Driver" CATEGORICAL has-dict vocab-size:3 zero-ood-items most-frequent:"VER" 40 (50.6329%)\n", "\t7: "Compound" CATEGORICAL has-dict vocab-size:3 zero-ood-items most-frequent:"HARD" 49 (62.0253%)\n", "\n", "Terminology:\n", "\tnas: Number of non-available (i.e. missing) values.\n", "\tood: Out of dictionary.\n", "\tmanually-defined: Attribute whose type is manually defined by the user, i.e., the type was not automatically inferred.\n", "\ttokenized: The attribute value is obtained through tokenization.\n", "\thas-dict: The attribute is attached to a string dictionary e.g. a categorical attribute stored as a string.\n", "\tvocab-size: Number of unique values.\n", "
The following evaluation is computed on the validation or out-of-bag dataset.
Number of predictions (with weights): 1\n", "Task: REGRESSION\n", "Loss (SQUARED_ERROR): 3.21751\n", "\n", "RMSE: 1.79374\n", "Default RMSE: : 0\n", "
Variable importances measure the importance of an input feature for a model.
1. "Sector2TimeInSeconds" 0.436139 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedST" 0.327422 #######\n", " 3. "Sector1TimeInSeconds" 0.284140 ####\n", " 4. "SpeedI2" 0.270955 ###\n", " 5. "TyreLife" 0.256089 ##\n", " 6. "SpeedI1" 0.253327 ##\n", " 7. "SpeedFL" 0.240055 #\n", " 8. "Compound" 0.219535 \n", " 9. "Driver" 0.218823 \n", "
1. "Sector2TimeInSeconds" 21.000000 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedST" 13.000000 #########\n", " 3. "TyreLife" 11.000000 ########\n", " 4. "SpeedI1" 10.000000 #######\n", " 5. "SpeedI2" 9.000000 ######\n", " 6. "Sector1TimeInSeconds" 1.000000 \n", "
1. "Sector2TimeInSeconds" 136.000000 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedST" 85.000000 #########\n", " 3. "Sector1TimeInSeconds" 58.000000 ######\n", " 4. "TyreLife" 36.000000 ####\n", " 5. "SpeedI1" 33.000000 ###\n", " 6. "SpeedI2" 29.000000 ###\n", " 7. "SpeedFL" 25.000000 ##\n", " 8. "Driver" 7.000000 \n", " 9. "Compound" 1.000000 \n", "
1. "SpeedI2" 1242.888427 ################\n", " 2. "SpeedST" 1137.078549 ##############\n", " 3. "Sector2TimeInSeconds" 1070.926676 #############\n", " 4. "Sector1TimeInSeconds" 53.249495 \n", " 5. "TyreLife" 29.913660 \n", " 6. "SpeedI1" 26.164205 \n", " 7. "SpeedFL" 19.199108 \n", " 8. "Driver" 1.230373 \n", " 9. "Compound" 0.443175 \n", "
Those variable importances are computed during training. More, and possibly more informative, variable importances are available when analyzing a model on a test dataset.
Only printing the first tree.
Tree #0:\n", " "SpeedI2">=175 [s:7.84383 n:73 np:68 miss:1] ; pred:6.00945e-08\n", " ├─(pos)─ "Sector1TimeInSeconds">=31.832 [s:0.0939225 n:68 np:5 miss:1] ; pred:-0.0759441\n", " | ├─(pos)─ pred:0.0328411\n", " | └─(neg)─ "Sector1TimeInSeconds">=31.0385 [s:0.0217802 n:63 np:25 miss:1] ; pred:-0.0845779\n", " | ├─(pos)─ "SpeedST">=312 [s:0.00747993 n:25 np:9 miss:0] ; pred:-0.0663828\n", " | | ├─(pos)─ pred:-0.0779144\n", " | | └─(neg)─ "TyreLife">=4.5 [s:0.00197849 n:16 np:11 miss:1] ; pred:-0.0598963\n", " | | ├─(pos)─ pred:-0.0628952\n", " | | └─(neg)─ pred:-0.0532989\n", " | └─(neg)─ "SpeedI2">=185.5 [s:0.00164387 n:38 np:31 miss:0] ; pred:-0.0965483\n", " | ├─(pos)─ "SpeedST">=316.5 [s:0.000383631 n:31 np:7 miss:0] ; pred:-0.098475\n", " | | ├─(pos)─ pred:-0.102102\n", " | | └─(neg)─ pred:-0.0974172\n", " | └─(neg)─ pred:-0.088016\n", " └─(neg)─ pred:1.03284\n", "