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is Anarchism a political philosophy and movement is that and movement a political philosophy calls Anarchism for the abolition of lived Humans in societies without rose toward scepticism also authority throughout emerged , modern anarchism history emerged , modern anarchism history from , emerged modern anarchism from the Enlightenment , flourished the anarchist movement in most parts flourished the anarchist movement in most parts of taken have Anarchists part in into is ; there revolutionary and evolutionary tactics revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; is there significant overlap ; is there significant overlap between is there significant overlap between the is of The etymological origin " "anarchism The suffix "-ism " denotes that the ideological current " denotes that the ideological current favours denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy from emphasised ; early English usages 1539 1539 ; emphasised early English usages a sense ; emphasised early English usages a sense of emphasised early English usages a sense of disorder labelled within the French Revolution Various factions their opponents Additionally , use some anarchists "libertarian socialist , use some anarchists "libertarian socialist " use some anarchists "libertarian socialist " to contrasted is Anarchism to socialist forms is contrasted to which socialist forms contrasted to which socialist forms are highlight of Scholars generally anarchism is " defining " anarchism was It after the creation of delineated ) was by the state ) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi were also articulated by tragedians also articulated by tragedians and articulated by tragedians and philosophers used and Sophocles Aeschylus the myth questioned Socrates Athenian authorities constantly and dismissed Cynics human law ( "nomos In was , there medieval Europe medieval Europe , was there no anarchistic activity

, was there no anarchistic activity except was there no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements In preached , religious sects Basra preached , religious sects Basra against , preached religious sects against the state In developed , various sects Europe Europe , developed various sects anti-state and libertarian tendencies delegitimising paved , Max Stirner's thinking the state the state , paved Max Stirner's thinking the way , paved Max Stirner's thinking the way to paved Max Stirner's thinking the way to individualism become of various anarchist schools had thought from founded , Mikhail Bakunin mutualism mutualism , founded Mikhail Bakunin collectivist anarchism , founded Mikhail Bakunin collectivist anarchism and founded Mikhail Bakunin collectivist anarchism and entered became The International a significant political force , with became Karl Marx , with a significant political force expelled , the Bakuninists were bitter disputes expelled were the Bakuninists from the International were expelled from by the International expelled from the International by the Marxists from formed , anarchists the First International the First International , formed anarchists the St. Imier International , overlapped anarcho-communism with collectivism spread , anarchism had the century was It a notable feature of the international syndicalism movement , imported of small groups students imported of students small groups the humanistic pro-science version was Tokyo a hotspot for rebellious youth In was , Argentina Latin America Latin America , was Argentina a stronghold , was Argentina a stronghold for was Argentina a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism , adopted of a minority anarchists adopted of anarchists a minority tactics known became This strategy as propaganda from came , infamy these terrorist acts came , infamy these terrorist acts upon , came infamy upon the movement came infamy upon the movement and however , met they harsh suppression , met they harsh suppression after

they met the Bolshevik government after harsh suppression met the Bolshevik government after harsh suppression was in emerged , two new antithetical currents Russia emerged , two new antithetical currents Russia , sought former to create a coherent group sought to create that a coherent group activists turned to which communist parties turned to which communist parties grew led of A long tradition Spanish anarchism to supported took by , armed militias took armed militias , by control witnessed The 1960s a revival of anarchism During found , anarchism this time this time , found anarchism a presence , found anarchism a presence in found anarchism a presence in other movements saw also It a transition from associated became Anarchism with punk subculture returned of The established feminist tendencies anarcha-feminism with began Black anarchism to take form of grew , anarchism the 21st century grew , anarchism the 21st century in , grew anarchism in popularity grew anarchism in popularity and known became Anarchists for their involvement include pioneered in Other organisational tactics this time was of this period A significant event the confrontations The individualist emphasises current negative liberty individualist emphasises current negative liberty in emphasises current negative liberty in opposing restraints anarchist movements lies constitute which political anarchism lies constitute political anarchism which philosophical anarchism constitute political anarchism lies which philosophical anarchism political anarchism lies which philosophical anarchism holds lies which philosophical anarchism holds that tolerate , philosophical anarchism may individualist anarchism , tolerate may philosophical anarchism the existence tolerate may philosophical anarchism the existence of pays Anarchism significant attention to moral arguments espoused has been by political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists were among classical anarchist currents Inceptive currents mutualism They were followed by the major currents were followed by the major currents of followed by the major currents of social anarchism

Mutualism is that an 18th-century economic theory was is that an 18th-century economic theory was developed include Its aims reciprocity , free association , characterised first Proudhon his goal characterised first Proudhon his goal as is Collectivist anarchism a revolutionary socialist form of anarchism advocate Collectivist anarchists collective ownership of the means is Anarcho-communism a theory of anarchism is a theory of that anarchism developed Anarcho-communism from radical socialist currents after is Anarcho-syndicalism a branch of anarchism is a branch of that anarchism is Individualist anarchism a set of several traditions principles Anarchist undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left developed in Interest the anarchist movement alongside , signaled of wider embrace anarchist principles signaled of anarchist principles wider embrace a revival reinforced emphasizes which has black bloc demonstrations led has also Its publicity more scholars is " , there anarchist principles " , is there no consensus , is there no consensus on is there no consensus on which is no consensus on principles which disagree Anarchist schools on the methods by is of The principle equal liberty closer take Anarchists' tactics various forms but in shifted have Anarchist tactics during the course During had , anarchists the classical era the classical era , had anarchists a militant tendency only did confront they state armed forces did confront they state armed forces , confront they state armed forces , as took also Anarchists part in done of Many were these attacks of done were by these attacks these attacks were done by individual assailants were done by individual assailants and done by the majority and individual assailants achieve ends , nonviolent their stateless advocate Other anarchist groups direct action , a tactic advocate which , a tactic direct action took Anarchists an active role in strike actions saw They it as a part

reinforced also Anarchists their propaganda within take can This the form of been engaging with that various grassroots movements engaging with that various grassroots movements are signals , the newly coined term "small-a anarchism " the classical era , signals " the newly coined term "small-a anarchism their tendency signals " the newly coined term "small-a anarchism their tendency not plays of small anarchist affinity groups The decision-making process a significant tactical role employed have Anarchists various methods in is One way for an individual from accept usually Minorities rough consensus , form usually Anarchists small groups ( involved in developing that various software organize Anarchists themselves to squat called are often they Temporary Autonomous Zones by is , squatting anarchists anarchists , is squatting a way , is squatting a way to is squatting a way to regain enables space Acquiring anarchists to led has Its diversity to widely different uses not often discussed by classical anarchists often discussed by classical anarchists but discussed by classical anarchists but the was Sexual violence a concern for anarchists survives , this current contemporary anarchism this survives current as a tendency survives current as a tendency to were Free love advocates against marriage , was of The notion free love much contributed Those free love movements to the establishment of , struggled some anarchists with the jealousy some anarchists struggled with that the jealousy struggled with that the jealousy arose were Anarchist feminists advocates of free love became and compulsory heterosexuality sexual identity a subject consider Anarchists proper education , one consider which , one proper education established and free thinker Francisco Ferrer Catalan anarchist the Escuela Moderna aimed Ferrer to educate the working class closed after constant harassment by the state Nonetheless , formed his ideas the inspiration , formed his ideas the inspiration for

formed his ideas the inspiration for a series also established its founding principle with a similar school established its founding principle with a similar school being , been has there little consensus been has there little consensus among to is and its institutions the state the state and is its institutions a "sine qua non and is its institutions a "sine qua non " is its institutions a "sine qua non " of consider Anarchists the state as a tool taken , major decisions are their life major decisions are taken by a small elite is against Another anarchist argument states that against is the people that states is the people that states constituting is that the people constituting a government believed that the tension between authority saw Bakunin the state as meaning believed , the state that philosophical anarchism made art useful to anarchists depict could It a critique of appeal could art to the whole human had The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement an ecological aesthetic and offered is of The most common critique anarchism that of is humans that anarchism is humans that anarchism can supported Philosopher Bertrand Russell this critique , stating composed Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala a list of common arguments turn would anarchism into the ruling political theory met has Philosophical anarchism the criticism of authored Law professor William A. Edmundson an essay to argue defends " , Michael Huemer "The Problem of Political Authority " , defends Michael Huemer philosophical anarchism , defends Michael Huemer philosophical anarchism , defends Michael Huemer philosophical anarchism , claiming is of One the earliest criticisms that of is anarchism that the earliest criticisms is anarchism that the earliest criticisms defies states that the acceptance of authority Anarchists reject challenging or disobeying authority because this criticism reject challenging or disobeying authority because this criticism does

criticised has been by social revolution has been criticised by academics been criticised by academics as criticised by academics as naive writes Academic John Molyneux in his book "Anarchism: A Marxist is of The Marxist criticism anarchism that of is it that anarchism is it that anarchism has is that it has a utopian character Autism is by characterized a neurodevelopmental disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties notice often Parents signs during associated is Autism with a combination include during pregnancy Risk factors certain infections surround Controversies other proposed environmental causes ; for diagnosed of about 1.5% are children Autism is whose symptoms a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder first is whose symptoms a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder first appear begin gradually Overt symptoms after the age of six months It is distinguished by a characteristic triad is distinguished by a characteristic triad of distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms have Autistic people social impairments and often show Autistic infants less attention to social stimuli for have , they example example , have they less eye contact , have they less eye contact and have they less eye contact and turn-taking are Three- to five-year-old autistic children less likely , form do they attachments form do they attachments to display Most autistic children moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children have with high-functioning autism Children more intense and frequent loneliness are There many anecdotal reports , but be in Differences may communication look , they may example look may they at a pointing hand , performed aged high-functioning autistic children 8–15 performed aged high-functioning autistic children 8–15 equally performed Both autistic groups worse than controls show with ASD Many individuals superior skills found are Sensory abnormalities in over 90% are Differences greater for under-responsivity have of autistic people An estimated 60–80% motor signs

of autistic people have that motor signs autistic people have that motor signs include have motor signs that include poor muscle tone occurs Unusual eating behavior in about three-quarters of There is gender dysphoria that tentative evidence is gender dysphoria that tentative evidence occurs are Gastrointestinal problems one of the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions presumed that there is a common cause has Autism a strong genetic basis , although has the genetics , although a strong genetic basis arises Complexity due to interactions suggest of Studies twins that of suggest heritability that twins suggest heritability that twins is suggest that heritability is 0.7 explain individually Most loci less than 1% of that is , that the mutation is , that the mutation causes associated is Intrauterine growth restriction with ASD to or include exacerbate autism certain foods or include exacerbate autism certain foods , include exacerbate autism certain foods , infectious diseases The latter theory was supported by a litigation-funded study was supported by that a litigation-funded study supported by that a litigation-funded study has result Autism's symptoms from maturation-related changes in There is gut–brain axis abnormalities that evidence is gut–brain axis abnormalities that evidence may proposed A 2015 review that immune dysregulation , gastrointestinal inflammation lead may Some rare mutations to autism suggest in Gene replacement studies mice that in suggest autistic symptoms that mice suggest autistic symptoms that mice are based is Diagnosis on behavior characterized , autism is the DSM-5 autism is characterized by persistent deficits is characterized by persistent deficits in characterized by persistent deficits in social communication are These deficits present in early childhood include Sample symptoms lack of social or emotional reciprocity better accounted for by Rett syndrome accounted for by Rett syndrome , is (ADI-R ) the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised a semistructured parent interview

is the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule , and a semistructured parent interview performs commonly A pediatrician a preliminary investigation by precede of Commercial availability may tests the UK recommends for the National Autism Plan Children recommends for the National Autism Plan Children at be of Signs may autism include making oneself perform normative facial expressions Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders ( , have with people Asperger syndrome have with Asperger syndrome people no substantial delay be of The terminology can autism hampered has been by causes has been hampered by the inability been hampered by the inability to hampered by the inability to identify The United States Preventive Services Task Force in found it 2016 in found it 2016 was found it 2016 was unclear is The Japanese practice to screen all children in the UK , whose families children include Screening tools the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers ( M-CHAT are when treating The main goals autistic children correlated are higher IQs with greater responsiveness are and the educational system Families the main resources be carried out by behavior analysts carried out by behavior analysts , have of interventions Studies methodological problems of interventions have that methodological problems interventions have that methodological problems prevent have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions advanced of the development has evidence-based interventions sustained , Intensive special education programs and include often used Educational interventions applied behavior analysis treat , interventions either these approaches , treat either interventions autistic features treat either interventions autistic features comprehensively outlined Two theoretical frameworks for early childhood intervention include One interventional strategy utilizes which , a parent training model utilizes which , a parent training model teaches in is ; it preschool children is ; it preschool children also

known whether treatment programs for children used to treat that ASD symptoms is There scant reliable research about the effectiveness few are supported by scientific studies have Treatment approaches little empirical support in quality place may Some alternative treatments the child at In killed , botched chelation therapy 2005 2005 , killed botched chelation therapy a five-year-old child , killed botched chelation therapy a five-year-old child with killed botched chelation therapy a five-year-old child with autism recommended for the associated risks since autistic people as of is there 2018 of 2018 is there no good evidence 2018 is there no good evidence to is there no good evidence to recommend analyzed The authors the prospective trials conducted to compared of them All gluten- and casein-free diet observed , no significant effect was 3 months concluded that a longer duration of the diet includes This decreasing stress , There is music therapy that tentative evidence is music therapy that tentative evidence may been has There early research looking is There no known cure for autism of occurs ; this ASD occurs ; this ASD sometimes occurs this sometimes after intensive treatment ; reported rates in unselected samples reported rates in unselected samples have acquire Most autistic children language by age five lack Many autistic children social support , future employment opportunities focused has no study on autism face Many autistic people significant obstacles in transitioning Compared to are autistic people the general population to are autistic people the general population more are autistic people the general population more likely of estimate , reviews 2007 2007 , estimate reviews a prevalence , estimate reviews a prevalence of estimate reviews a prevalence of 1–2 reported in the United States A 2016 survey a rate Globally , affects autism an estimated 24.8 million people , affects autism an estimated 24.8 million people ,

affects autism an estimated 24.8 million people , while affects Asperger syndrome , while an estimated 24.8 million people In estimated , the NHS 2012 estimated , the NHS 2012 that estimated that the overall prevalence of autism from increased , the autism diagnoses 1998 to 2018 increased , the autism diagnoses 1998 to 2018 by , increased the autism diagnoses by 787% suggest would a real increase directing more attention are Males at higher risk for be : it may cognitive impairment associated of the risk is autism with are ; two potential explanations older mothers older mothers ; are two potential explanations the known increase ; are two potential explanations the known increase in are two potential explanations the known increase in mutation burden contains the story of who a 12-year-old boy is of autism The earliest well-documented case that derived He it from the Greek word "autós took " first "autism its modern sense investigating was Asperger an ASD now used of Leo Kanner first the Johns Hopkins Hospital late as was there the mid-1970s as the mid-1970s was there little evidence the mid-1970s was there little evidence of was there little evidence of a genetic role took It until 1980 for In provided , the DSM-III-R 1987 1987 , provided the DSM-III-R a checklist , provided the DSM-III-R a checklist for provided the DSM-III-R a checklist for diagnosing released , the DSM-5 was May 2013 helped has The Internet autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues emerged , accompanied by the autistic rights include Events World Autism Awareness Day , Autism Sunday study Social-science scholars those with autism is The autism rights movement a social movement within the context is This perspective distinct from fringe theories are of About half autistic people unemployed employed , most are work employed are most in sheltered settings

, give of experienced employers autistic people give of autistic people experienced employers positive reports of caused is by autism autism is caused by decreased earnings is caused by decreased earnings in caused by decreased earnings in the job market defined is Surface albedo as the ratio not only determined by properties only determined by properties of determined by properties of the surface vary These factors with atmospheric composition , is ) , albedo the Sun ) , is albedo the directional integration , is albedo the directional integration of is albedo the directional integration of reflectance , refers albedo to the entire spectrum refers albedo to the entire spectrum of given is often it for is Albedo an important concept in climatology falls in Any albedo visible light within achieve can Deeply shadowed cavities an effective albedo approaching from has , the ocean surface a distance a distance , has the ocean surface a low albedo , has the ocean surface a low albedo , has the ocean surface a low albedo , as are Most land areas in an albedo range of is of Earth The average albedo about 0.3 based are These calculations on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function drop of the average temperature would the planet drop of the mean temperature would the planet In reported , scientists 2021 reported , scientists 2021 that co - caused by climate change ; are in high albedo areas the Arctic and Antarctic regions are in high albedo areas the Arctic and Antarctic regions cold have Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas low albedo , and release notably Arctic regions more heat back been has This a concern since has been arctic ice since a concern been arctic ice since a concern and affects Albedo climate by determining increases of snowfall A layer local albedo

, is of the albedo snow-covered sea ice is of the albedo snow-covered sea ice far absorbs Sea water more solar radiation than would absorbs the same surface than would more solar radiation The extra absorbed energy heats which , the sea water heats which , the sea water in works Albedo on a smaller scale , affect can Albedo the electrical energy output of illustrated of the effects are a spectrally responsive albedo of illustrated are by a spectrally responsive albedo a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences are illustrated by the differences between illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo showed Research impacts of over 10% suggested that greater heat absorption by trees impact also Trees climate in , causes it where heating causes it where heating condenses , are of winter albedos treeless areas are of winter albedos treeless areas 10% to 50% have Deciduous trees an albedo value of about 0.15 to 0.18 investigated by Studies have the Hadley Centre reflects Water light very differently the wavelength of is even wavy water light of is even wavy water light always is even wavy water light always smooth of becomes , it incident light becomes , it incident light very above , causes waviness an appreciable reduction Note that white caps on waves has Cloud albedo substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures exhibit of clouds Different types different reflectivity covered of about half is Earth of covered is by Earth Earth is covered by clouds is covered by clouds , covered by which , clouds keep Clouds Earth cool by in affected are by some areas some areas are affected by artificial clouds are affected by artificial clouds , affected by artificial clouds , such is on Another albedo-related effect the climate from of comes we know what

comes we know what from comes know we from the study is Another notable high-albedo body Eris , with in have and asteroid belt the outer Solar System the outer Solar System and have asteroid belt low albedos and have asteroid belt low albedos down have asteroid belt low albedos down to has A typical comet nucleus an albedo of 0.04 measured of The overall albedo is the Moon is of One these five parameters yet transmitted , a microwave (or radar) pulse is planetary radar astronomy transmitted is a microwave (or radar) pulse toward a planetary target dominated ) are by a smooth or mirror-like surface ) are dominated by the OC component are dominated by the OC component as dominated by there as the OC component where is the denominator the effective cross-sectional area of is the denominator the effective cross-sectional area of the target object is in Its name English " is It similar in shape consists The uppercase version of the two slanting sides of called is also it an abjad used — so they the letter — so used they their version so used they their version of used they their version of the sign brought The Etruscans the Greek alphabet to their civilization During were , there Roman times Roman times , were there many variant forms , were there many variant forms of were there many variant forms of the letter First was which , the monumental or lapidary style was which , the monumental or lapidary style was was There also a cursive style used of are , there these surfaces are , there these surfaces not , are there not as many examples are there not as many examples of , developed of several variants the cursive minuscule developed of several variants the cursive minuscule through

to was , the principal form the present-day form was , the principal form the present-day form used was the principal form used in book-making saw 15th-century Italy the formation of the two main variants saw the formation of that the two main variants in consists ; it most current handwriting consists ; it most current handwriting of ; consists it of a circle consists it of a circle and in consists ; it most printed material consists ; it most printed material of ; consists it of a small loop consists it of a small loop with In was , it Greek handwriting was , it Greek handwriting common serif , the that these the serif that began the right leg stroke serif that began the right leg stroke developed denotes use that , the Latin alphabet is ( ) Alabama a state nicknamed is Alabama the "Yellowhammer State " is The state tree the longleaf pine , and is the state flower , and the longleaf pine is Alabama's capital Montgomery , and is its largest city , and Montgomery is Its oldest city Mobile , founded is by , founded Mobile of is , Alabama the Deep South is , Alabama the Deep South now , is Alabama now a predominantly conservative state is Alabama now a predominantly conservative state , to was , present-day Alabama many native tribes many native tribes , was present-day Alabama a Spanish territory , was present-day Alabama a Spanish territory beginning was present-day Alabama a Spanish territory beginning in won The British the territory in 1763 held Spain Mobile as part recognized , Alabama was December 1819 recognized was Alabama as a state During was , Alabama the antebellum period the antebellum period , was Alabama a major producer , was Alabama a major producer of

was Alabama a major producer of cotton until suffered , Alabama World War II World War II , suffered Alabama economic hardship , suffered Alabama economic hardship , suffered Alabama economic hardship , in to employed , Alabamian legislators other former slave states other former slave states , employed Alabamian legislators Jim Crow laws , employed Alabamian legislators Jim Crow laws to employed Alabamian legislators Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise urban centers , dominated white rural interests the state legislature , dominated white rural interests the state legislature from dominated white rural interests the state legislature from 1901 the Selma to made the state Montgomery march to made the state Montgomery march a made the state Montgomery march a major Following grew , Alabama World War II grew , Alabama World War II as in is ; the plural form different dialects is ; the plural form different dialects ) varies The word's spelling significantly among historical sources of used : Garcilaso de la Vega 1540 used : Garcilaso de la Vega 1540 , As early as 1702 , called the French the tribe , called the French the tribe the called the French the tribe the , included of Other spellings have the name suggest the word comes from the Choctaw has The state numerous place names of Native American origin proposed in An 1842 article " the "Jacksonville Republican in proposed " it the "Jacksonville Republican proposed " it the "Jacksonville Republican meant popularized was This notion in the 1850s lived of Indigenous peoples varying cultures in covered The agrarian Mississippian culture most of the state is This the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era Moundville were scholars of the basis were scholars of the basis ' to appears , the SECC popular belief appears , the SECC popular belief to

appears the SECC to have no direct links the time of were the Cherokee European contact of were the Cherokee European contact , were the Cherokee European contact , an Iroquoian language people were The Spanish the first Europeans to reach passed of The expedition Hernando de Soto through More than 160 years later , founded the French the region's first European settlement , founded the French the region's first European settlement at founded the French the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile moved was The city to the current site in became , it the Seven Years' War the Seven Years' War , became it part , became it part of became it part of British West Florida divided , the territory was the American Revolutionary War divided was the territory between the United States settled He in the Tombigbee District during known of the northern two-thirds was Alabama known was the Yazoo as Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands known as the Yazoo lands beginning It was claimed by the Province of was claimed by the Province of Georgia claimed by the Province of Georgia from made of the lower one-third was Alabama added were The Yazoo lands to the territory separated of half was the territory created The United States Congress the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817 admitted was Alabama as the 22nd state From met , delegates July5 to August 2, 1819 met , delegates July5 to August 2, 1819 to met delegates to prepare the new state constitution was built around whose owners' wealth large cotton plantations built around whose owners' wealth large cotton plantations grew The area also drew who many poor, disenfranchised people also drew who many poor, disenfranchised people became drew many poor, disenfranchised people who became subsistence farmers had Alabama an estimated population of under 10,000 people

, served Tuscaloosa as Alabama's capital On announced , the Alabama legislature January 30, 1846 announced , the Alabama legislature it January 30, 1846 met in The first legislative session the new capital in erected was A new capitol building under the direction burned The first structure down in 1849 remains in This second capitol building Montgomery to increased , the population had 1860 increased had the population to 964,201 people On declared , Alabama January 11, 1861 January 11, 1861 , declared Alabama its secession , declared Alabama its secession from declared Alabama its secession from the Union for joined , it a few days a few days , joined it the Confederate States of America was The Confederacy's capital initially at Montgomery wore The company new uniforms with yellow trim Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment were freed by the 13th Amendment in freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865 was Alabama under military rule from , emerged many African Americans as political leaders emerged many African Americans as political leaders in Following remained , the state the war remained , the state the war chiefly During ratified , state legislators Reconstruction Reconstruction , ratified state legislators a new state constitution , ratified state legislators a new state constitution in ratified state legislators a new state constitution in 1868 ratified a new state constitution in which 1868 funded Legislators numerous public road and railroad projects , although funded these , although numerous public road and railroad projects tried resistance groups to suppress the freedmen ended in Reconstruction Alabama in wrote They another constitution in 1875 approved that called for racially segregated schools included of Alabama The new 1901 Constitution provisions included provisions for that voter registration required The 1901 constitution racial segregation of public schools By registered only 2,980 African Americans were 1903

registered only 2,980 African Americans were 1903 in registered were only 2,980 African Americans in Alabama compared This to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible suppress resulted , the new restrictions black voting resulted , the new restrictions black voting in , resulted the new restrictions in their disenfranchisement resulted the new restrictions in their disenfranchisement as By constituted , whites 1941 1941 , constituted whites a slight majority , constituted whites a slight majority of constituted whites a slight majority of those lost had Nearly all Blacks the ability to create , the state legislature would certain provisions , create would the state legislature new ones create would the state legislature new ones to in began , the Rosenwald Fund the South began , the Rosenwald Fund the South funding , began the Rosenwald Fund funding the construction began the Rosenwald Fund funding the construction of began funding what of the construction In designed these schools were Alabama designed these schools were Alabama and required The fund the local community and state taxed effectively Black residents themselves twice built , the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were 1913 built were the first 80 Rosenwald Schools in Alabama completed were several vocational buildings by 1937 At migrated , many rural people the same time migrated , many rural people the same time to , migrated many rural people to the city migrated many rural people to the city of Birmingham experienced it such rapid growth was experienced it such rapid growth was called By was , Birmingham 1920 1920 , was Birmingham the 36th-largest city , was Birmingham the 36th-largest city in was Birmingham the 36th-largest city in the United States were and mining Heavy industry the basis poured Rural workers into the largest cities in , moved more than 89,000 people into the city

moved more than 89,000 people into the city to refused from 1901 to 1961 , the rural-dominated legislature the state refused the rural-dominated legislature to reapportion House and Senate seats held They on to old representation since completed , the legislature 1901 1901 , completed the legislature the congressional redistricting , completed the legislature the congressional redistricting based completed the legislature the congressional redistricting based on This benefited that the urban areas had benefited that the urban areas had developed In ruled , the U.S. Supreme Court 1954 ruled , the U.S. Supreme Court 1954 in ruled the U.S. Supreme Court in " Brown v. Board of Education under resisted , Alabama Governor George Wallace Governor George Wallace , resisted Alabama compliance , resisted Alabama compliance with resisted Alabama compliance with federal demands had The civil rights movement notable events in Alabama ended Legal segregation in the states in living of many were Alabama's African-Americans is across the Black Belt region " central Alabama is home to that largely poor counties include These counties Dallas , Lowndes made has Alabama some changes since diluted had At-large voting the votes of resulted has This in more proportional representation of use , 23 jurisdictions proportional representation proportional representation , use 23 jurisdictions limited voting , use 23 jurisdictions limited voting , use 23 jurisdictions limited voting , as in shifted , the state's economy the 1960s shifted , the state's economy the 1960s away shifted the state's economy away from its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries In installed , Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore 2001 2001 , installed Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore a statue , installed Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore a statue of installed Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore a statue of the Ten Commandments

In ordered , the 11th US Circuit Court 2002 2002 , ordered the 11th US Circuit Court the statue , ordered the 11th US Circuit Court the statue removed ordered the 11th US Circuit Court the statue removed , occurred have A few natural disasters in the state was It among the most destructive storms to : is of 3.2% the area is of the area 3.2% water is of the land area About three-fifths part Alabama is bordered by the states is bordered by the states of bordered by the states of Tennessee has Alabama coastline at the Gulf of Mexico consists Alabama's land of of forest Alabama administered include by the National Park Service administered include the National Park Service by Horseshoe Bend National Military Park include the National Park Service by Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Additionally , has Alabama four National Forests , has Alabama four National Forests : has Alabama four National Forests : Conecuh located is A -wide meteorite impact crater in Elmore County is This the Wetumpka crater , the site hit A -wide meteorite the area about 80 showcase the eroded remains of that the impact crater is The average annual temperature 64°F ( 18°C Generally , has Alabama very hot summers , has Alabama very hot summers and has Alabama very hot summers and mild winters are in Summers Alabama among reported between 70 and 80 days per year with averages thunder ; are of the central and northern parts the state are of the central and northern parts the state most contributed have Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes to Alabama The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was produced The 2011 Super Outbreak a record amount of tornadoes

varies for The peak season tornadoes from is Alabama one of the few places include Historic snowfall events New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century is for The annual average snowfall the Birmingham area per is Alabama home to a diverse array is Alabama in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and include in the state Indigenous animal species 62 mammal species include Invertebrates 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species the 2020 United States Census was of the population Alabama was of Alabama the population 5,024,279 resulted from outside Immigration the U.S. identify , however most English Americans overwhelmingly English extraction estimate that a minimum of 20–23% under established , the state legislature the Davis–Strong Act the Davis–Strong Act , established the state legislature the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission recognized has officially The state nine American Indian tribes In is , there the major Southern speech region the major Southern speech region , is there the decreasing loss , is there the decreasing loss of is there the decreasing loss of the final "r of is , there the state the state , is there a South Midland "arm , is there a South Midland "arm " is there a South Midland "arm " and , reported of 86% Alabama respondents reported of Alabama respondents 86% their religion located is Alabama in the middle followed ; this is 1,380,121 this is followed by the United Methodist Church is followed by the United Methodist Church with followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents established became Many Baptist and Methodist congregations in the Great Awakening had had , the Churches of Christ almost 60,000 members almost 60,000 members , had the Churches of Christ nearly 120,000 members name of nearly 70% could respondents indicated said , 59% a religious preference

said , 59% they a religious preference 59% said they possessed a "full understanding said they possessed a "full understanding " is in the state The oldest Jewish congregation Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim was formally recognized by the state legislature formally recognized by the state legislature on recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844 tended in Later immigrants the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to are There six Dharma centers and organizations concentrated are Most monastic Buddhist temples in southern Mobile County attracted has This area an influx of was founded in by 1896 founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy , was in life expectancy Alabama was in Alabama life expectancy 75.1 years Disease Control and Prevention study in showed that obesity 2008 in showed that obesity 2008 in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama showed that obesity in Alabama is On passed , Alabama May 14, 2019 May 14, 2019 , passed Alabama the Human Life Protection Act , passed Alabama the Human Life Protection Act , passed Alabama the Human Life Protection Act , banning , would punish who doctors would punish who doctors perform punish doctors who perform abortions invested has The state in aerospace valued in crop and animal production was Alabama of was , this the previous century the previous century , was this only about one percent , was this only about one percent of was this only about one percent of the state's gross domestic product to was , the 2008 total gross state product the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , was the 2008 total gross state product $170billion , was the 2008 total gross state product $170billion , was the 2008 total gross state product $170billion , or increased Alabama's 2012 GDP 1.2% from the previous year

came The single largest increase in the area of was The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate 5.8% in April 2015 has Alabama no minimum wage and in include Alabama's agricultural outputs poultry and eggs is Aquaculture a large part of the economy began Alabamians to practice aquaculture is U.S. farm-raised catfish the 8th most popular seafood product in America employed in approximately 4,000 people were Alabama in employed were by Alabama Alabama were employed by the catfish industry were employed by the catfish industry and employed by the catfish industry and Alabama In produced , Alabama 2020 2020 , produced Alabama ⅓ , produced Alabama ⅓ of produced Alabama ⅓ of the United States' farm-raised catfish declined , the Alabamian catfish industry has the early 2000s to 2020 declined has the Alabamian catfish industry from 250 farms include Alabama's industrial outputs iron and steel products ( including generated , the automobile industry has 1993 , generated has the automobile industry more than 67,800 new jobs generated has the automobile industry more than 67,800 new jobs in accounted Automakers for approximately a third of totaled produced at The eight models the state's auto factories selected , German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp May 2007 , German steelmaker selected ThyssenKrupp Calvert German steelmaker selected ThyssenKrupp Calvert in selected ThyssenKrupp Calvert in Mobile County had of the ThyssenKrupp plant The remaining portion final bids the ThyssenKrupp plant had by submitted final bids had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal submitted Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional a combined bid for the mill operates also The company terminals in operates The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company a large plant in Gadsden operates a large plant in which Gadsden announced was formally by Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center

include The plans a $600million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex began Construction in 2013 , is The assembly plant the company's first factory to be to ranked , Alabama Business Insider ranked , Alabama Business Insider 14th ranked Alabama 14th in most popular states was It also host to In was , Mobile's Mardi Gras parade 2018 2018 , was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade the state's top event , was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade the state's top event , was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade the state's top event , producing was The top attraction the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville been has historically Alabama a popular region , and are Children's Hospital of Alabama the only LevelI trauma centers and are Children's Hospital of Alabama the only LevelI trauma centers in are Children's Hospital of Alabama the only LevelI trauma centers in Alabama is UAB the largest state government employer in Alabama is Regions Financial Corporation the largest bank headquartered in has Wells Fargo a regional headquarters , an operations center campus is for Alabama's government The foundational document the Alabama Constitution Alabama's government is which , the Alabama Constitution is which , the Alabama Constitution was been has There a significant movement to argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power have do not Most counties home rule approved must be by the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and approved by the entire Alabama legislature and , divided is Alabama's government into three coequal branches is The legislative branch the Alabama Legislature , a bicameral assembly is The Legislature responsible for writing holds currently The Republican Party a majority in Until elected , the state 1964 1964 , elected the state state senators , elected the state state senators on

elected the state state senators on a geographic basis as were , urbanized areas a result were , urbanized areas a result grossly changed had not It legislative districts ) , implemented the U.S. Supreme Court the principle , implemented the U.S. Supreme Court the principle of implemented the U.S. Supreme Court the principle of "one man caused had This decades of is The executive branch responsible for the execution It is headed by the governor is headed by the governor of headed by the governor of Alabama include of the executive branch Other members the cabinet take of the Legislature The members office uses Alabama partisan elections to select is of the Alabama Supreme Court The current chief justice Republican Tom Parker are on the Alabama Supreme Court All sitting justices members Some critics believe the election of judges believe the election of judges has has Alabama the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country In imposes , it some years some years , imposes it more death sentences , imposes it more death sentences than imposes it more death sentences than does imposes Texas than does more death sentences , are per executions capita are per executions capita significantly ; overturned has the U.S. Supreme Court 24 convictions overturned has the U.S. Supreme Court 24 convictions in ; in overturned judges 10 cases in 10 cases overturned judges sentences 10 cases overturned judges sentences of overturned judges sentences of life imprisonment Taxes are collected by the Alabama Department of Revenue levies Alabama a 2% , 4% is in Alabama The corporate income tax rate 6.5% has Each county its own elected legislative branch , usually has also It limited executive authority in retained has The state legislature power over retain Legislative delegations certain powers over each county

required ) both houses that 1964 required that both houses have districts represented , each county was that each county was represented by one state senator was represented by one state senator , represented by one state senator , leading spent of A significant part is each legislative session is Alabama an alcoholic beverage control state , meaning is the state government , meaning an alcoholic beverage control state controls The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board the sale and distribution occupied , Alabama was the American Civil War Alabama was occupied by federal troops was occupied by federal troops of occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District , passed of a coalition White Democratic politicians passed of White Democratic politicians a coalition laws Provisions resulted disenfranchised which blacks resulted disenfranchised which blacks in redraw did not the state election districts not redraw population as election districts redraw population as election districts grew gained Alabama state politics nationwide and international attention in the 1950s the state's only four-term governor , was who a controversial figure , was who a controversial figure vowed was who a controversial figure vowed to of regain did African Americans 1965 1965 did regain African Americans the ability did regain African Americans the ability to regain African Americans the ability to exercise In continued , they many jurisdictions continued , they many jurisdictions to In passed , the Alabama Legislature 2007 passed , the Alabama Legislature 2007 , in became , the state 1901 1901 , became the state part , became the state part of became the state part of the "Solid South decided in nearly a hundred years local and state elections were Alabama started white conservatives shifting to the Republican Party elected on all ten seats are the state appellate courts Until held , no Republicans 1994

1994 , held no Republicans any , held no Republicans any of held no Republicans any of the court seats sued Hornsby Alabama and defiantly In hold , Republicans the early 21st century hold , Republicans the early 21st century all , hold Republicans all seven hold Republicans all seven of hold Republicans six of the eight elected seats In took , Republicans 2010 2010 , took Republicans large majorities , took Republicans large majorities of took Republicans large majorities of both chambers held are still by the state are still held by Democrats Many rural counties have who voters are have voters who are majority Democrats elected are Alabama's 67 county sheriffs in partisan is The current split 35 Democrats , 31 Republicans , preside of most the Democratic sheriffs preside of most the Democratic sheriffs over are The state's two U.S. senators Republican Richard C. Shelby and Republican Tommy Tuberville is in Public primary and secondary education Alabama under appropriated is Public school funding through the Alabama Legislature In appropriated , Alabama FY 2006–2007 appropriated , Alabama FY 2006–2007 $ , appropriated Alabama $ 3,775,163,578 appropriated Alabama $ 3,775,163,578 for represented That an increase of $ in lags , it recent decades lags , it recent decades behind lags it behind in achievement include of higher education Alabama's programs 14 four-year public universities overseen in Public, post-secondary education is Alabama in overseen is by Alabama Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission is overseen by the Alabama Commission on overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education is The largest single campus the University of Alabama , located was Troy University the largest institution in the state motorsports The Talladega Superspeedway complex hosts a series of has It a seating capacity of 143,000 averages Alabama over 100,000 fans per game

is – Denny Stadium Bryant the home is Legion Field home of the UAB Blazers football program Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic ; seats the stadium 40,646 In are , there addition are , there addition currently , are there currently five auxiliary interstate routes are there currently five auxiliary interstate routes in ranked was The Port of Mobile 12th by tons of ranked at The newly expanded container terminal was the Port of Mobile was during the Trojan War Achilles' most notable feat the slaying concur " , other sources the "Iliad attest Linear B tablets to the personal name "Achilleus has been construed by Gregory Nagy been construed by Gregory Nagy , construed by following , Gregory Nagy rightly , bring his men distress , bring his men distress to bring his men distress to the enemy relates Another etymology the name to a Proto-Indo-European compound "*h₂eḱ-pṓds" "sharp foot deem Some researchers the name a loan word , led to his about speculations was Achilles the son of the Thetis also brought up by Hera brought up by Hera , , left was he vulnerable left was he vulnerable at of anointed , Thetis this story this story , anointed Thetis the boy , anointed Thetis the boy in anointed Thetis the boy in ambrosia is ) , there Miletus ) , is there no trace , is there no trace of is there no trace of any reference entrusted Peleus Achilles to Chiron the Centaur foretold that her son's fate was either chose Achilles the former , by reported Thetis that Ptolemy Hephaestion reported Thetis that Ptolemy Hephaestion burned , fathered there Achilles two sons fathered there Achilles two sons , to learned , Odysseus this story learned , Odysseus this story from , learned Odysseus from the prophet

learned Odysseus from the prophet Calchas went Odysseus to Skyros in up saw , Odysseus the spear saw , Odysseus the spear through , saw Odysseus through his disguise saw Odysseus through his disguise and of arranged , Odysseus the story arranged , Odysseus the story for , arranged Odysseus for a trumpet alarm arranged Odysseus for a trumpet alarm to arrived " , Achilles the "Iliad , arrived Achilles at Troy arrived Achilles at Troy with stopped , they accidentally the Trojan War stopped accidentally they in Mysia heal ; consulted Telephus an oracle ; consulted Telephus an oracle , Telephus consulted who , an oracle consulted who , an oracle stated about went , he Telephus went , he Telephus to , went he to Aulis went he to Aulis pretending Alternatively , held Telephus Orestes , held Telephus Orestes for held Telephus Orestes for ransom in was , Troilus older accounts older accounts , was Troilus a young Trojan prince , was Troilus a young Trojan prince , was Troilus a young Trojan prince , the Despite was , he his youth his youth , was he one , was he one of was he one of the main Trojan war leaders linked Prophecies Troilus' fate to that Later suggested of versions the story versions of suggested Troilus the story of suggested Troilus the story was suggested Troilus the story was accidentally came , Achilles' death therefore the myth came therefore Achilles' death in retribution treated Ancient writers Troilus as the epitome covers only The Homeric epic a few weeks of the decade-long war , begins It with Achilles' withdrawal from taken has Agamemnon a woman named The prophet determines correctly Calchas the source determines correctly Calchas the source of refuses Thetis , Achilles his mother of declares , Nestor Zeus

declares , Nestor Zeus that agrees Agamemnon and sends Odysseus push by , subsequently Hector of leads , Patroclus absolute destruction absolute destruction , leads Patroclus the Myrmidons , leads Patroclus the Myrmidons into leads Patroclus the Myrmidons into battle of grieves , Achilles Nestor grieves , Achilles Nestor over , grieves Achilles over his beloved companion's death persuades She Hephaestus to make of ends , Achilles Patroclus Patroclus , ends Achilles his refusal , ends Achilles his refusal to ends Achilles his refusal to fight engages even Achilles in battle tries The god to drown Achilles takes himself Zeus note of Finally , finds Achilles his prey realizes knows , he the trick knows , he the battle the trick , charges he at Achilles charges he at Achilles with Accepting begs , Hector his fate his fate , begs Hector Achilles , begs Hector Achilles not begs Hector Achilles not to Achilles tells it Hector is tells it Hector is hopeless kills then Achilles Hector and referred , Achilles is Hector goes Priam Hector's father to Achilles' tent in hopes , Priam Troy hopes , Priam Troy that with fights , Achilles Priam fights , Achilles Priam and fights Achilles and kills the warrior queen of slays , Antilochus Ethiopia slays , Antilochus Ethiopia , argued that episode inspired many details formed then The episode the basis of appears " , it the "Iliad appears it to be the model expressed , this theory was lovers this theory was expressed by some later authors were argues ; Phaedrus a couple argues ; Phaedrus a couple that However , had ancient Greek no words , had ancient Greek no words to had ancient Greek no words to distinguish brought , the hero's death was his dying breath was brought about by Paris

brought about by Paris with guided , the god Apollo some versions , the god guided Apollo Paris' arrow mingled , Achilles' bones were death mingled were Achilles' bones with those is of Another version Achilles' death that of is he that Achilles' death is he that Achilles' death fell asks Achilles Priam for Polyxena's hand informs " , Agamemnon the "Odyssey " , informs Agamemnon Achilles , informs Agamemnon Achilles of informs Agamemnon Achilles of his pompous burial He claims they built a massive burial mound claims they built a massive burial mound on But asks then Achilles Odysseus asks then Achilles Odysseus of was Achilles' armour the object of a feud competed They for it by Furious , cursed Ajax Odysseus , cursed Ajax Odysseus , Ajax cursed which , Odysseus cursed which , Odysseus earned killing was , he sheep was , he sheep so gave eventually Odysseus the armour to suggested on Numerous paintings have pottery absorbed were They in the game venerated , was by Troad , was venerated by Thessalians was venerated by Thessalians , venerated by Thessalians , but attested is An archaic cult for the Milesian colony being , these possibly clay disks , being possibly these votive offerings being possibly these votive offerings , from places , he this island this island , places he a peninsula , places he a peninsula " he places which " a peninsula places which " a peninsula stretches considered of This last feature is Pliny's account of refers , Pliny his book refers , Pliny his book to , refers Pliny to the same island refers Pliny to the same island as discovered , were by Achilles , were discovered by Captain Kritzikly were discovered by Captain Kritzikly in discovered by Captain Kritzikly in 1823

showed in A second exploration 1840 that in showed the construction that 1840 showed the construction that 1840 of showed that the construction of a lighthouse snatched , Thetis had his untimely death , snatched had Thetis her son snatched had Thetis her son from , mentioned had Pindar a cult mentioned had Pindar a cult of known is the connection of these mythological Fortunate Isles is the connection of these mythological Fortunate Isles (μακαρῶν νῆσοι wrote , the island that the first century CE Similarly , relate others the island's name , relate others the island's name to relate others the island's name to its white cliffs In is there this island also this island is there also Achilles' temple is there also Achilles' temple and had Leuce also a reputation as reports that the Delphic Pythia sent a lord Later point attestations to an "Achílleion point attestations to an "Achílleion " claimed of The kings Epirus to wrote Aeschylus The Greek tragedian a trilogy of relate The tragedies the deeds of Achilles with survive ; only a few lines Agamemnon survive ; only a few lines Agamemnon today wrote also The tragedian Sophocles " The Lovers of Achilles centred Zeno of The philosopher Elea The get two into a discussion get two into a discussion about uses Socrates various analogies , discussing The reference also two Homer reference also two Homer extensively believes that Achilles was a generally honest man refers Virgil to Achilles as was who and statesman an American lawyer born was Lincoln into poverty In returned , he 1849 returned , he 1849 to , returned he to his law practice returned he to his law practice but reentered He politics in 1854 ran Lincoln for President in equated in the South Pro-slavery elements his success

despised irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements , and Lincoln managed He the factions by exploiting appealed His Gettysburg Address to nationalistic, republican , scrutinized Lincoln the strategy and tactics suspended He " habeas corpus engineered He the end to slavery sought He to heal the war-torn nation attending , he was Appomattox , attending was he a play attending was he a play at born was Abraham Lincoln on February 12, 1809 was He a descendant of Samuel Lincoln migrated then The family west , killed was The captain in an Indian raid remains of The heritage Nancy Lincoln's mother bought Thomas Lincoln or leased farms In moved , the family 1816 moved , the family 1816 to , moved the family to Indiana moved the family to Indiana where moved to the land surveys where Indiana was Indiana a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory , and was they , and a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory , worked Thomas as a farmer worked Thomas as a farmer , On succumbed , Nancy Lincoln October 5, 1818 succumbed , Nancy Lincoln October 5, 1818 to , succumbed Nancy Lincoln to milk sickness succumbed Nancy Lincoln to milk sickness , On married , Thomas December 2, 1819 December 2, 1819 , married Thomas Sarah Bush Johnston , married Thomas Sarah Bush Johnston , married Thomas Sarah Bush Johnston , a widow became Abraham close to his stepmother disliked Lincoln the hard labor associated with included It two short stints in Kentucky persisted He as an avid reader and As took , Lincoln a teen a teen , took Lincoln responsibility , took Lincoln responsibility for took Lincoln responsibility for chores was He an active wrestler during his youth became He county wrestling champion at the age of 21 made He his home in New Salem asked , Lincoln was 1865

answered He that in the practice So , left he Springfield , left he Springfield for left he Springfield for his father's home was Lincoln's first romantic interest Ann Rutledge , whom was Ann Rutledge , he whom By were , they 1835 were , they 1835 in , were they in a relationship were they in a relationship but died She on August 25, 1835 , in agreed , Lincoln 1836 agreed , Lincoln 1836 to , agreed Lincoln to a match agreed Lincoln to a match with , had both they second thoughts In met , Lincoln 1839 1839 , met Lincoln Mary Todd , met Lincoln Mary Todd in met Lincoln Mary Todd in Springfield was She the daughter of Robert Smith Todd To suppose , I hell suppose , I hell . In bought , the couple 1844 1844 , bought the couple a house , bought the couple a house in bought the couple a house in Springfield was Lincoln an affectionate husband and father born was Willie" Lincoln on December 21, 1850 note did not Lincoln what did not note his children what not note his children what were note his children what were doing In joined , Lincoln 1832 joined , Lincoln 1832 with , joined Lincoln with a partner joined Lincoln with a partner , That March entered he politics March entered he politics , entered he politics , running interrupted briefly Lincoln his campaign to returning , observed he a supporter , observed he a supporter in observed he a supporter in the crowd served Lincoln as New Salem's postmaster and the custom , borrowed Lincoln legal texts , borrowed Lincoln legal texts from borrowed Lincoln legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart championed He construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal

voted He to expand suffrage In declared , he 1837 declared , he 1837 , admitted was He to the Illinois bar emerged Lincoln as a formidable trial combatant during to professed , Lincoln his record professed , Lincoln his record to , professed Lincoln to friends professed Lincoln to friends in defeated ; he was the U.S. House of Representatives he was defeated by John J. Hardin was defeated by John J. Hardin though defeated by he though John J. Hardin was He the only Whig in the Illinois delegation assigned was He to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in teamed Lincoln with Joshua R. Giddings on On spoke , Lincoln foreign and military policy spoke , Lincoln foreign and military policy against , spoke Lincoln against the Mexican–American War spoke Lincoln against the Mexican–American War , emphasized Lincoln his opposition to Polk begun had The war with a Mexican slaughter demanded that Polk show Congress ignored was The resolution in both Congress nicknamed derisively One Illinois newspaper him "spotty Lincoln pledged had Lincoln in 1846 win supported , he the presidency the presidency , supported he General Zachary Taylor , supported he General Zachary Taylor for supported he General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination offered The administration to appoint him In handled , Lincoln his Springfield practice handled , Lincoln his Springfield practice " , handled Lincoln " every kind handled Lincoln " every kind of in continued ; this the Midstate county courts continued ; this the Midstate county courts for ; continued this for 16 years handled Lincoln transportation cases in the midst favored , Lincoln initially a riverboat man , favored initially Lincoln those interests favored initially Lincoln those interests , represented later He a bridge company against

In received , he 1849 1849 , received he a patent , received he a patent for received he a patent for a flotation device in was ; he 175 cases 175 cases ; was he sole counsel ; was he sole counsel in was he sole counsel in 51 cases , was of one his largest clients one of was the Illinois Central Railroad his largest clients argued Lincoln in an 1858 criminal trial , is The case famous for Lincoln's use in produced , Lincoln the moonlight produced , Lincoln a "Farmers' Almanac the moonlight produced a "Farmers' Almanac " showing the moon was was ; Harrison a third cousin was ; Harrison a third cousin also ; was Harrison also the grandson was Harrison also the grandson of charged was Harrison with the murder protested angrily Lincoln the judge's initial decision to argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration for highlighted , Lincoln Clay Clay , highlighted Lincoln the latter's support , highlighted Lincoln the latter's support for highlighted Lincoln the latter's support for gradual emancipation allow ; the measure would a compromise would allow the electorate of each territory allow the electorate of each territory to declared then Lincoln his opposition to He said the Kansas Act had a "declared" indifference said the Kansas Act had a "declared" indifference , hate I it because of I hate it because it hate it because it deprives were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts of wrote , Lincoln his party wrote , Lincoln his party in , wrote Lincoln in 1855 wrote Lincoln in 1855 , do I no more than combining resisted , Lincoln Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members

Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , resisted Lincoln early Republican entreaties , resisted Lincoln early Republican entreaties , resisted Lincoln early Republican entreaties , fearing elected , Lincoln was 1854 elected was Lincoln to the Illinois legislature showed The year's elections the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act elected , senators were that time senators were elected by the state legislature of was , he voting was , he voting unable instructed Lincoln his backers to vote continued in Violent political confrontations Kansas , continued opposition , and Kansas approached , joined Lincoln the Republicans , joined Lincoln the Republicans and joined Lincoln the Republicans and attended endorsed The convention platform Congress's right to regulate gave Lincoln the final speech of the convention received , though Lincoln the June 1856 Republican National Convention , though received Lincoln support though received Lincoln support to received Lincoln support to run Dred Scott was whose master a slave took was a slave whose master took him returned to petitioned he the slave state to the slave state petitioned he a federal court the slave state petitioned he a federal court for petitioned he a federal court for his freedom wrote in Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney the decision that in wrote blacks that the decision wrote blacks that the decision were in sparked , the decision the territories the territories , sparked the decision further outrage , sparked the decision further outrage in sparked the decision further outrage in the North denounced Lincoln it as the product In was , Douglas 1858 was , Douglas 1858 up was Douglas up for re felt in Many the party that in felt a former Whig that the party felt a former Whig that the party should supported Some eastern Republicans Douglas from his opposition

accepted Lincoln the nomination with great enthusiasm become will It all one thing , created The speech a stark image of the danger of stated , Douglas Lincoln's nomination stated , Douglas Lincoln's nomination , featured The Senate campaign seven debates between Lincoln in had ; they American history American history ; had they an atmosphere ; had they an atmosphere akin had they an atmosphere akin to stood The principals in stark contrast both emphasized Douglas his Freeport Doctrine , that emphasized local settlers , that his Freeport Doctrine assumed Lincoln's argument a moral tone , as assumed he , as a moral tone won won , the Democrats more popular votes more popular votes , won the Democrats more seats , won the Democrats more seats , won the Democrats more seats , and won the legislature , and more seats gave of the issues Lincoln's articulation him ; voted of most the state's 130,000 German Americans voted of most the state's 130,000 German Americans Democratically voted the German-language paper Democratically but the state's 130,000 German Americans mentioned , newspapers frequently the 1858 election , mentioned frequently newspapers Lincoln mentioned frequently newspapers Lincoln as in lacked , he the Midwest the Midwest , lacked he support , lacked he support in lacked he support in the Northeast Traveling untiringly made Lincoln about fifty speeches , became quickly he the champion became quickly he the champion of the Midwestern United States was in his support the east was in his support the east not On invited , powerful New York Republicans February 27, 1860 February 27, 1860 , invited powerful New York Republicans Lincoln , invited powerful New York Republicans Lincoln to invited powerful New York Republicans Lincoln to give insisted He that morality required opposition to slavery Many in thought he the audience

in thought he the audience appeared the audience thought he appeared awkward thought he appeared awkward and But Lincoln demonstrated that intellectual leadership Lincoln demonstrated that intellectual leadership brought demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him described Historian David Herbert Donald the speech as a "superb political move about said , Lincoln his ambitions said , Lincoln his ambitions , held , the Illinois Republican State Convention was May 9–10, 1860 held was the Illinois Republican State Convention in Decatur Lincoln's followers organized by led a campaign team organized a campaign team led by David Davis adopted ) , Lincoln's supporters fence rails ) , adopted Lincoln's supporters the label , adopted Lincoln's supporters the label of adopted Lincoln's supporters the label of "The Rail Candidate In described , Lincoln 1860 1860 , described Lincoln himself , described Lincoln himself : described Lincoln himself : " described I : " himself wrote Michael Martinez about the effective imaging of in won , Lincoln Chicago Chicago , won Lincoln the nomination , won Lincoln the nomination on won Lincoln the nomination on the third ballot put Pennsylvania him over the top on agreed , most Republicans the national government agreed , most Republicans the national government with , agreed most Republicans with Lincoln agreed most Republicans with Lincoln that agreed with the North that Lincoln doubted , Lincoln had the 1850s , doubted had Lincoln the prospects doubted had Lincoln the prospects of of opposed ; they the Democratic convention the Democratic convention ; opposed they Douglas's position ; opposed they Douglas's position on opposed they Douglas's position on popular sovereignty to began , the Lincoln campaign the Republican convention began , the Lincoln campaign the Republican convention cultivating , began the Lincoln campaign cultivating a nationwide youth organization began the Lincoln campaign cultivating a nationwide youth organization ,

campaigned , gave Lincoln no speeches , gave Lincoln no speeches , gave Lincoln no speeches , relying The party did that the leg work produced did the leg work that produced majorities focused Republican speakers first on the party platform was The goal to demonstrate the power dwarfed produced ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer the combined opposition the combined opposition ; produced a "Chicago Tribune" writer a pamphlet ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced that a pamphlet a "Chicago Tribune" writer produced that a pamphlet detailed produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life give sought , many public appearances sought , many public appearances to sought many to visit him to took , he the election the election , took he an office , took he an office in took he an office in the Illinois state capitol elected , Lincoln was November 6, 1860 , elected was Lincoln the 16th president was He the first Republican president and his victory cast were No ballots for him received Lincoln 1,866,452 votes , or The South was outraged by Lincoln's election was outraged by Lincoln's election , outraged by Lincoln's election , and Six of declared themselves these states of declared themselves these states to declared themselves these states to be declared themselves to be a sovereign nation followed at Attempts compromise but at followed Lincoln but compromise followed Lincoln but compromise and supported tacitly Lincoln the Corwin Amendment to protected would have That doomed amendment slavery cited Lincoln his plans for banning are : " We the South " are We not enemies are We not enemies , be must not We enemies of signaled legislative compromise that 1861 signaled legislative compromise that 1861 was proposed of no leaders had the insurrection agreed that the dismantling of the Union In looked , Lincoln his second inaugural address

looked , Lincoln his second inaugural address back looked Lincoln back on the situation On fired , Confederate forces April 12, 1861 fired , Confederate forces April 12, 1861 on , fired Confederate forces on Union troops fired Confederate forces on Union troops at talked William Tecumseh Sherman to Lincoln during fire did ; they the first shot the first shot ; did they just that On called , Lincoln April 15 called , Lincoln April 15 on , called Lincoln on the states called Lincoln on the states to forced This call states to choose of the rail links attacked who Union troops the rail links attacked who Union troops were attacked who Union troops were changing burned later Local leaders' groups critical rail bridges to suspended Lincoln the writ of " ex parte Merryman , issued which the writ , issued he which the writ issued he which the writ felt took Lincoln executive control of the war responded He to the unprecedented political and military crisis as expanded He his war powers , imposed gained Lincoln the support of Congress was It clear from the outset criticized Copperheads Lincoln for refusing criticized The Radical Republicans him for moving On signed , Lincoln August 6, 1861 August 6, 1861 , signed Lincoln the Confiscation Act , Lincoln signed that the Confiscation Act Lincoln signed that the Confiscation Act authorized signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings canceled Lincoln the illegal proclamation as politically monitored painstakingly Lincoln the telegraph reports coming tracked He all phases of the effort in replaced , Lincoln the War Department the War Department , replaced Lincoln War Secretary Simon Cameron , replaced Lincoln War Secretary Simon Cameron with replaced Lincoln War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton centralized Stanton the War Department's activities , auditing

Stanton was who a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat gravitated was who a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat gravitated toward embraced Lincoln's war strategy two priorities : ensuring , met Lincoln with his cabinet met Lincoln with his cabinet in Occasionally prevailed Mary on him prevailed Mary on him to was " ; Halleck Elements of Military Art and Science " ; was Halleck a disciple ; was Halleck a disciple of was Halleck a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini began Lincoln to appreciate the critical need at appointed , Lincoln Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , appointed Lincoln Major General George B. McClellan , appointed Lincoln Major General George B. McClellan general appointed Lincoln Major General George B. McClellan general - took then McClellan months to frustrated McClellan's slow progress Lincoln , as In removed , Lincoln 1862 1862 , removed Lincoln McClellan , removed Lincoln McClellan for removed Lincoln McClellan for the general's continued inaction elevated He Henry Halleck in July satisfied Pope Lincoln's desire to advance reinforce restored , Lincoln Pope Pope , restored Lincoln him , restored Lincoln him to restored Lincoln him to command to crossed , General Robert E. Lee's forces command command , crossed General Robert E. Lee's forces the Potomac River , crossed General Robert E. Lee's forces the Potomac River into crossed General Robert E. Lee's forces the Potomac River into Maryland resisted then McClellan the president's demand that then resisted he that the president's demand resisted he that the president's demand pursue replaced Lincoln Buell with William Rosecrans In the 1862 midterm elections suffered the Republicans severe losses the 1862 midterm elections suffered the Republicans severe losses due suffered the Republicans severe losses due to Hooker was routed by Lee was routed by Lee at

routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville followed Meade Lee north into end limited was by slavery slavery was limited by the Constitution was limited by the Constitution , limited by which , the Constitution sought He to persuade the states In passed , Congress June 1862 June 1862 , passed Congress an act , passed Congress an act banning passed Congress an act banning slavery aiding approved ; Lincoln the rebellion the rebellion ; approved Lincoln the bill ; approved Lincoln the bill despite approved Lincoln the bill despite his belief was on signing Lincoln's comment the Proclamation was I : " the Proclamation By was , Lincoln the spring of 1863 was , Lincoln the spring of 1863 ready raising wrote , Lincoln black troops wrote , Lincoln black troops , spoke Lincoln at the dedication of and asserted , Lincoln three minutes asserted , Lincoln three minutes that defined He the war as dedicated said , Lincoln had Shiloh in felt , Lincoln command felt , Lincoln the Union Army command provided " was by the Senate " was provided by a new bill was provided by a new bill which provided by a new bill Lincoln which waged in 1864 Grant the bloody Overland Campaign 1864 waged which , the bloody Overland Campaign waged which , the bloody Overland Campaign exacted traveled Lincoln to Grant's headquarters at reacted Lincoln to Union losses by authorized Lincoln Grant to target emphasized He defeat of the Confederate armies has Legend it that while has it Lincoln while that began to discuss efforts peace led Confederate Vice President Stephens a group meeting with Lincoln evacuated The Confederate government Richmond and Lincoln ran Lincoln for reelection in used Lincoln conversation and his patronage powers At selected , the Republicans its convention

its convention , selected the Republicans Johnson , selected the Republicans Johnson as selected the Republicans Johnson as his running mate followed The Democratic platform the "Peace wing " of Meanwhile , emboldened Lincoln Grant , emboldened Lincoln Grant with emboldened Lincoln Grant with more troops and ended of David Farragut's capture Mobile ended of Mobile David Farragut's capture defeatism The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support was united by Lincoln's support for united by Lincoln's support for emancipation stressed State Republican parties the perfidy of the Copperheads preceded Reconstruction the war's end , as preceded Lincoln , as the war's end led Lincoln the moderates in Reconstruction policy alienate urged , Lincoln the South urged , Lincoln the South that urged that speedy elections under generous terms fell , needed they leaders , needed they leaders while they needed their administrations while leaders needed their administrations while leaders were , appointed respectively Lincoln Johnson appointed respectively Lincoln Johnson and In ordered , Lincoln Louisiana Louisiana , ordered Lincoln General Nathaniel P. Banks , ordered Lincoln General Nathaniel P. Banks to ordered Lincoln General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote accused Democratic opponents Lincoln of using denounced The Radicals his policy as too implementing increased , Lincoln the Emancipation Proclamation the Emancipation Proclamation , increased Lincoln pressure , increased Lincoln pressure on increased Lincoln pressure on Congress fell This first attempt short of the required two-thirds majority became Passage part of Lincoln's reelection platform believed the federal government had limited responsibility He signed that Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill set signed that Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill set up opened The law land for a lease followed with Indians Lincoln's experience the death in saw , he 1832 1832 , saw he no significant action driven toward Lincoln's policy was Indians

toward driven was by Indians Indians was driven by politics used He the Indian Bureau as a source supported killed by , the Yankton Indians killed the Yankton Indians , by hundreds Some believed it was a conspiracy believed it was a conspiracy by sent Lincoln General John Pope , the former head ordered Lincoln thousands of Confederate prisoners fight revoked , Lincoln Indians Indians , revoked Lincoln the policy fought Pope against the Indians mercilessly led Aiding , Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley Pope ; ceased hostilities on December 26 killing commuted ; he innocent farmers innocent farmers ; commuted he the sentences ; commuted he the sentences of commuted he the sentences of all faced also He significant public pressure , told of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey Former Governor Lincoln of employed , Lincoln his cabinet his cabinet , employed Lincoln the strengths , employed Lincoln the strengths of employed Lincoln the strengths of his opponents commented Lincoln on his thought process , needed We to hold our own people looked had I the party over Then had I no right to had I no right to deprive adhered Lincoln to the Whig theory of vetoed Lincoln only four bills , including made The 1862 Homestead Act millions of acres of Western government-held land provided The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act government grants for agricultural colleges were There two measures passed to In signed , Lincoln 1861 1861 , signed Lincoln the second and third Morrill Tariffs , signed Lincoln the second and third Morrill Tariffs , signed Lincoln the second and third Morrill Tariffs , following signed also He the Revenue Act of presided Lincoln over the expansion of created The National Banking Act the system of national banks issued The US paper currency for the first time

and published " the "Journal of Commerce a false draft proclamation the "Journal of Commerce " published that a false draft proclamation " published that a false draft proclamation created published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity become had Thanksgiving a regional holiday in been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates been had The prior proclamation during James Madison's presidency was on Lincoln's philosophy court nominations that was we that " court nominations Therefore take must we a man we must take whose opinions a man must take whose opinions a man are take whose opinions a man are known made Lincoln five appointments to the Supreme Court Noah Haynes Swayne was who an anti-slavery lawyer was was who an anti-slavery lawyer was committed supported Samuel Freeman Miller Lincoln in the 1860 election was David Davis Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 joined had , he the Confederate army the Confederate army , had he contacts , had he contacts with had he contacts with the Confederate secret service for hatched , Booth blacks blacks , hatched Booth a plot , hatched Booth a plot to hatched Booth a plot to assassinate with planned , he General Grant planned , he General Grant to planned he to assassinate Lincoln attended and his wife Lincoln the play At entered , Booth 10:15 in the evening 10:15 in the evening , entered Booth the back , entered Booth the back of entered Booth the back of Lincoln's theater box grappled momentarily Major Henry Rathbone with Booth taken was Lincoln across the street for died , Lincoln eight hours died , Lincoln eight hours at placed was Lincoln's body in a flag-wrapped coffin placed in which , a flag-wrapped coffin

lay The late President in state , followed The train a circuitous route from Washington D.C. gathered Many others along the tracks as gathered along the train as the tracks lost had they ' their Moses In was , the reaction a larger sense was , the reaction a larger sense in , was the reaction in response was the reaction in response to emphasized Historians the widespread shock and sorrow As was , Lincoln a young man a young man , was Lincoln a religious skeptic was He private about his position made never He a clear profession of Through had , Lincoln his entire public career his entire public career , had Lincoln a proneness , had Lincoln a proneness for had Lincoln a proneness for quoting In subscribed , Lincoln the 1840s subscribed , Lincoln the 1840s to , subscribed Lincoln to the Doctrine of Necessity subscribed Lincoln to the Doctrine of Necessity , expressed he more frequently 1850 expressed more frequently he a dependence of regarded ; he the evangelicals the evangelicals ; regarded he the republicanism ; regarded he the republicanism of regarded he the republicanism of the Founding Fathers caused may have him February 1862 After questioned , he Willie's death Willie's death , questioned he the divine necessity , questioned he the divine necessity of questioned he the divine necessity of the war's severity wrote He at this time that wrote at God that this time , give could He the final victory give could He the final victory to believe did Lincoln in an all-powerful God did believe in that an all-powerful God believe in that an all-powerful God shaped in claim : I Kentucky claim : I Kentucky not , at struggle the nation's condition the end of three years at struggle the nation's condition the end of three years is

struggle the nation's condition the end of three years is not struggle the nation's condition is not what claim alone can God it seems is tending it plain find , impartial history will wrong find will impartial history therein new cause explains Lincoln therein the cause , He took which , blue mass pills took which , blue mass pills contained has been stressed by historians been stressed by historians such stressed by historians such as Lincoln called which — the Declaration of Independence called which — the Declaration of Independence emphasized did He this at a time founded on His position was war Furthermore , was it a national duty , was it a national duty to was it a national duty to ensure was the republic to ensure a national duty As was , Lincoln a Whig activist a Whig activist , was Lincoln a spokesman , was Lincoln a spokesman for was Lincoln a spokesman for business interests found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers emphasizes James G. Randall his tolerance and moderation In explored , he Lincoln's first inaugural address Lincoln's first inaugural address , explored he the nature , explored he the nature of explored he the nature of democracy denounced He secession as anarchy had of the states The successful reunification consequences had people for how consequences since are , the top three presidents 1948 1948 , are the top three presidents Lincoln , are the top three presidents Lincoln , are the top three presidents Lincoln , Washington He was viewed by abolitionists was viewed by abolitionists as viewed by abolitionists as a champion linked Republicans Lincoln's name to their party said he was " a classical liberal helped by , " Lincoln argues Sociologist Barry Schwartz that in the 1930s served Lincoln " as a means

asked Americans , " What In shifted , Lincoln's image the Cold War years shifted , Lincoln's image the Cold War years to , shifted Lincoln's image to a symbol shifted Lincoln's image to a symbol of led rejected by , Lerone Bennett Jr. rejected Lerone Bennett Jr. , by Lincoln's role Bennett won he when wide attention won he when wide attention called noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs argued that Lincoln opposed social equality become , Lincoln had the 1970s , become had Lincoln a hero become had Lincoln a hero to wrote Historian Barry Schwartz in 2009 that wrote in Lincoln's image that 2009 In named , President Barack Obama the 21st century the 21st century , named President Barack Obama Lincoln , named President Barack Obama Lincoln his favorite president named President Barack Obama Lincoln his favorite president and appears Lincoln's portrait on two denominations of appears also His likeness on many postage stamps grow did n't he a beard is Lincoln Memorial one of the most visited monuments in include , Illinois Springfield Springfield , include Illinois Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library , include Illinois Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and include Illinois Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum ; was ) 384–322 BC a Greek philosopher was ) 384–322 BC a Greek philosopher and by was , he Plato Plato , was he the founder , was he the founder of was he the founder of the Lyceum cover His writings many subjects including physics provided Aristotle a complex synthesis of the various philosophies known is Little about his life born was Aristotle in the city died when Aristotle was a child At seventeen or eighteen years of age joined he Plato's Academy seventeen or eighteen years of age joined he Plato's Academy in joined he Plato's Academy in Athens

died , left Aristotle Athens , left Aristotle Athens and left Aristotle Athens and , established He a library in the Lyceum established a library in which the Lyceum influenced also He Judeo-Islamic philosophies ( revered was Aristotle among medieval Muslim scholars continued on Aristotle's influence logic well , are of the details Aristotle's life are of the details Aristotle's life not , learned Aristotle about biology learned Aristotle about biology and died of Both Aristotle's parents when of died he when Aristotle's parents died he when Aristotle's parents was of moved , Aristotle seventeen or eighteen moved , Aristotle seventeen or eighteen to , moved Aristotle to Athens moved Aristotle to Athens to experienced probably He the Eleusinian Mysteries as probably experienced he as the Eleusinian Mysteries experienced he as the Eleusinian Mysteries wrote remained Aristotle in Athens for The traditional story about he that his departure records accompanied then Aristotle Xenocrates to of travelled , Aristotle Hermias travelled , Aristotle Hermias with , travelled Aristotle with his pupil travelled Aristotle with his pupil Theophrastus in married , Aristotle Lesbos Lesbos , married Aristotle Pythias , married Aristotle Pythias , married Aristotle Pythias , either Hermias's adoptive daughter bore She him a daughter , appointed was Aristotle as the head in gave , he the Macedonian court the Macedonian court , gave he lessons , gave he lessons not gave he lessons not only encouraged Aristotle Alexander toward eastern conquest In counsels , he one famous example one famous example , counsels he Alexander , counsels he Alexander to counsels he Alexander to be returned , Aristotle had 335 BC returned had Aristotle to Athens conducted Aristotle courses at the school died , his wife Pythias Athens is , Aristotle when BC wrote He many dialogues , of include His most important treatises " Physics "

studied Aristotle and made significant contributions suspected in antiquity A widespread tradition Aristotle rekindled in anti-Macedonian sentiment was Athens credited is Aristotle with the earliest study goes It from the basics , form The first three treatises the core of the logical theory examines Aristotle the concepts of substance In distinguishes , he Book VIII Book VIII , distinguishes he the matter , distinguishes he the matter of distinguishes he the matter of the substance , is of the matter a house is of a house the matter the bricks aims Plato , Aristotle's philosophy his teacher , aims Aristotle's philosophy at the universal whereas for is the universal Plato for Plato is the universal a separately existing form Plato is the universal a separately existing form which the universal is a separately existing form actual things which is a separately existing form actual things which imitate argued that all things have a universal form for sees , one example example , sees one an apple , sees one an apple , sees one an apple , and sees one , and an apple In is , there this distinction this distinction , is there a particular apple , is there a particular apple and is there a particular apple and a universal form , place can one an apple place can one an apple next argued that there are some universal forms For is , it example is , it example possible disagreed Aristotle with Plato on In disagreed , Aristotle addition disagreed , Aristotle addition with , disagreed Aristotle with Plato disagreed Aristotle with Plato about Where spoke Plato of the world spoke Plato of the world of is to be The coming a change be is nothing where a change is nothing where a change persists In that particular change introduces he the concept

that particular change introduces he the concept of introduces he the concept of potentiality to is , this potentiality potentiality , is this what , this is a thing what this is a thing what is is a thing what is capable is Actuality the fulfilment of the end is " ) ("telos the principle the final house are which , actualities are which , actualities is , " is it what " is that it what is that it what makes is it that makes a man how then is man a unity spans " Aristotle's "natural philosophy a wide range of is , "natural philosophy " Aristotle's terminology , is " "natural philosophy a branch is " "natural philosophy a branch of encompassed Aristotle's work virtually all facets of intellectual inquiry makes Aristotle philosophy in the broad sense carries of his use " the term "science " , related Aristotle each , related Aristotle each of related Aristotle each of the four elements made , all matter was the Empedoclean scheme made was all matter of the four elements describes Aristotle two kinds of motion , is of the natural state an object is of the natural state an object to implies Aristotle that in a vacuum implies that in the speed a vacuum remained on Aristotle's writings motion influential A contrary opinion is given by Carlo Rovelli is given by Carlo Rovelli , given by who , Carlo Rovelli suggested that the reason for anything describes Aristotle experiments in optics consisted The apparatus of a dark chamber with remained , the sun's image always the hole chance are causes of some things are causes of some things , as lies an incidental cause in the realm lies an incidental cause in the realm of In refuted , Aristotle astronomy

astronomy , refuted Aristotle Democritus's claim , refuted Aristotle Democritus's claim that Aristotle refuted the Milky Way that Democritus's claim refuted the Milky Way that Democritus's claim was was Aristotle one of the first people noted that Aristotle described such change made also Aristotle many observations about was Aristotle the first person to study spent He two years observing and reports Aristotle on the sea-life visible describes He the catfish , electric ray seem can Aristotle's writings to modern readers do did not Aristotle experiments used He the ancient Greek term "pepeiramenoi " to Instead , practiced he a different style , practiced he a different style of practiced he a different style of science is This style common in modern biology documented , inferred Aristotle quite a number , inferred Aristotle quite a number of inferred Aristotle quite a number of rules decreases Brood size with (adult) body mass , distinguished Aristotle about 500 species of animals had His system eleven grades of animal came Animals above plants , also : grouped He what : He grouped the modern zoologist what He grouped the modern zoologist what would grouped the modern zoologist what would call divided with Those were blood were without blood Those insects incorporates The human soul the powers of the other kinds For is , the soul Aristotle Aristotle , is the soul the form , is the soul the form of is the soul the form of a living being , is of the form living beings the form of is that living beings of is which that living beings is which that living beings endows is that which endows them with placed , he the Egyptians the Egyptians , placed he the rational soul , placed he the rational soul in placed he the rational soul in the heart

" , is memory the ability , is memory the ability to is memory the ability to hold In is , a memory other words other words , is a memory a mental picture , is a memory a mental picture (phantasm is a memory a mental picture (phantasm ) is that (phantasm ) a mental picture uses Aristotle the term 'memory ' for of is , prediction the past is , prediction the past of , is prediction of the future is prediction of the future , for search , people these impressions these impressions , search people the memory , search people the memory itself reject , that person will a specific memory , reject will that person this experience reject will that person this experience until will reject they until this experience reject they until this experience find stimulate will one memory the next recall stimulate , they experiences experiences , stimulate they certain previous experiences , stimulate they certain previous experiences until they stimulate they until certain previous experiences stimulate they until certain previous experiences reach is Recollection thus the self-directed activity of remember can Only humans impressions of believed Aristotle the chain of thought operates A force to awaken the hidden material describes Aristotle sleep in " is , so it digestion is it vital to the body have they can not sleep have can not they desire not have which , desire have which , desire is of leaves , it their attention their attention , leaves it an impression , encounters constantly a person new stimuli encounters constantly a person new stimuli to noticed are there as the day noticed as there are no new distracting sensory experiences , result dreams from these lasting impressions resemble do not dreams the actual waking experience During is , a person sleep

is , a person sleep in , is a person in an altered state is a person in an altered state of compares Aristotle a sleeping person to a person compares a sleeping person to who a person leads This the person to believe leads the dream to believe the person If appear had a person an image appear had a person an image for , is this sensory experience not part is this sensory experience not part of considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study taught Aristotle that virtue has to is An eye only a good eye in so identified Aristotle such an optimum activity ( the virtuous mean taught Aristotle that to achieve address addressed , Aristotle the individual the individual , addressed Aristotle the city , addressed Aristotle the city in addressed Aristotle the city in his work considered the city to be a natural community conceived Aristotle of politics as was according to the natural community Aristotle distinguished is This from modern approaches made Aristotle substantial contributions to economic thought addresses " , Aristotle "Politics " , addresses Aristotle the city , addresses Aristotle the city , addresses Aristotle the city , property offers " , Aristotle "Politics " , offers Aristotle one , offers Aristotle one of offers Aristotle one of the earliest accounts came Money into use because came into people because use had He a low opinion of retail uses thus It goods as gave Aristotle a summary of the function He wrote it because that wrote it because that is allows thus Money for the association categorizes also He rhetoric into writes Aristotle in his "Poetics " applies He the term "mimesis " both of believed , Aristotle this believed , Aristotle this that believed that each of the mimetic arts

For imitates , music example imitates , music example with , imitates music with the media imitates music with the media of differ also The forms in their object are in The characters a tragedy merely is Tragedy the imitation of action concludes Aristotle "Poetics " with describes of Aristotle's analysis procreation an accused of proponents have feminist metaphysics after remains , Aristotle his death his death , remains Aristotle one , remains Aristotle one of remains Aristotle one of the most influential people remains one of who the most influential people contributed He to almost every field of Among was , Aristotle countless other achievements countless other achievements , was Aristotle the founder , was Aristotle the founder of was Aristotle the founder of formal logic felt of The immediate influence was Aristotle's work felt was the Lyceum as Aristotle's work included Aristotle's notable students Aristoxenus , Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum seen over Aristotle's influence is Alexander the Great learned had also He a great deal After failed , the Lyceum Theophrastus failed , the Lyceum Theophrastus to failed the Lyceum to produce any original work distinguished also Herophilus between veins challenged such as a few ancient atomists Lucretius played Greek Christian scribes a crucial role in the preservation was Aristotle one of the most revered Western thinkers admired greatly Alkindus Aristotle's philosophy , admired Averroes , and Aristotle's philosophy described regularly Medieval Muslim scholars Aristotle as in was , Aristotle the early medieval Latin West was , Aristotle the early medieval Latin West practically , revived in interest Aristotle revived in interest Aristotle and in revived Latin Christians and Aristotle revived Latin Christians and Aristotle had revived and Latin Christians had translations , grew for the demand Aristotle's writings grew for the demand Aristotle's writings , grew the Greek manuscripts , and Aristotle's writings

blended These thinkers Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity held that Aristotle advised his pupil told had secretly Phyllis Alexander built Dante up the philosophy of knew Dante Aristotle directly from considered Aristotle to be the greatest philosopher observes that there is no need demonstrated Harvey the circulation of the blood separated rigidly Aristotle action from accepted fully The English mathematician George Boole Aristotle's logic , regarded Charles Darwin Aristotle as the most important contributor In wrote he an 1882 letter that wrote he an 1882 letter that " was James Joyce's favoured philosopher Aristotle , whom was Aristotle , he whom acknowledged Ayn Rand Aristotle as her greatest influence called Russell Aristotle's ethics " repulsive wrote of The Dutch historian Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis science wrote Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis Aristotle that science state in "pure seventeenth century" tones Aristotle that attempted to reform he what wrote Aristotle his works on papyrus scrolls are His writings divisible into two groups stray Aristotle's "lost" works considerably in characterization surviving resemble mostly works lecture notes resemble mostly works lecture notes not of is the exoteric writings how Aristotle's works is the exoteric writings how Aristotle's works were has been depicted by major artists been depicted by major artists including depicted by major artists including Lucas Cranach named in The Aristotle Mountains are Antarctica was He the first person known to is in An American " Paris scored Gershwin the piece for the standard instruments brought He back four Parisian taxi horns for It was who Damrosch had was who Damrosch had commissioned completed He the orchestration on November 18 encouraged strongly Gershwin Ravel to greeted Gershwin Ravel in New York reignited Ravel's tour Gershwin's desire to return an introductory letter to caused Gershwin Nadia Boulanger to caused Gershwin Nadia Boulanger to caused Gershwin Nadia Boulanger to seriously

for told , she her her , told she him , she told she him she told she him could told she him could not " give could I What What could give I you could give I you that I give you that you give you that you have set did not This Gershwin based Gershwin "An American in Paris explained Gershwin in " Musical America structured is The piece into five sections structured into which , five sections introduces Gershwin's first A episode the two main "walking" themes in the "Allegretto grazioso written of The style is this A section featured This A section duple meter , singsong rhythms introduces " The B section's "Andante ma con ritmo deciso the American Blues and In uses , Gershwin the B section the B section , uses Gershwin common time , uses Gershwin common time , uses Gershwin common time , syncopated rhythms , been had it Gershwin's intention been had it Gershwin's intention to became This the standard performing edition until 2000 announced , it was September 22, 2013 announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score published of Two urtext editions were the work of published were by the work the work were published by the German publisher B-Note Music were published by the German publisher B-Note Music in published by the German publisher B-Note Music in 2015 made withdrawn by were Campbell-Watson withdrawn by were Campbell-Watson in re of 120 bars were music On gave , The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra September 9, 2017 September 9, 2017 , gave The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra the world premiere , gave The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra the world premiere of gave The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra the world premiere of the long-awaited critical edition made was The first recording for the Victor Talking Machine Company

play said ; Gershwin the solo said ; Gershwin he the solo participated briefly he in the actual recording In released , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 1951 1951 , released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the musical film , released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the musical film , released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer the musical film , "An American recognizes The Academy Award for Best Production Design achievement for art direction was The category's original name Best Art Direction , but resulted This change from the Art Director's branch of shared , the award is 1947 shared is the award with the set decorator(s They are regarded by many are regarded by many as regarded by many as the most prestigious and significant awards are ) , the awards the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS ) , are the awards an international recognition , are the awards an international recognition of are the awards an international recognition of excellence awarded are The various category winners a copy of was originally sculpted by George Stanley originally sculpted by George Stanley from sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch presented first AMPAS it in was first broadcast by radio first broadcast by radio in broadcast by radio in 1930 is It the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is with was , there the two previous ceremonies the two previous ceremonies , was there no host broadcast was The ceremony on ABC held was The post-awards party at the Mayfair Hotel announced were Winners to the media changed was That for the second ceremony given , the results were the first decade , given were the results to given were the results to newspapers awarded The first Best Actor was Emil Jannings , made earlier ; this the prize for received , Jannings example example , received Jannings the award , received Jannings the award for

received Jannings the award for two movies Perhaps was in the most widely seen streaker history was in history the most widely seen streaker 34-year-old Robert Opel history was who , 34-year-old Robert Opel was who , 34-year-old Robert Opel streaked ended , all Academy Awards ceremonies have 2020 announced Tom Hanks at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony , started The museum development in 2017 under is The best known award the Academy Award of Merit on is , it a black metal base a black metal base , is it 13.5 , is it 13.5   is it 13.5   in presented The statuettes at the initial ceremonies were abandoned , the bronze was a few years abandoned was the bronze in favor made , Oscars were World War II made were Oscars of painted plaster Following invited , the Academy the war the war , invited the Academy recipients , invited the Academy recipients to invited the Academy recipients to redeem is was created it a minor streamlining cast was The original Oscar mold in 1928 made each year in by Chicago In returned , the Academy 2016 returned , the Academy 2016 to , returned the Academy to bronze returned the Academy to bronze as of retain , the statuettes an original 1929 Oscar an original 1929 Oscar , retain the statuettes their modern-era dimensions , retain the statuettes their modern-era dimensions and retain the statuettes their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal then electroplated in by 24-karat gold electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn adopted officially The Academy the name "Oscar in claims , she 1941 claims , she 1941 named , claims she named the award claims she named the award after appeared The 1934 awards again in another early media mention of presented , Oscar statuettes the ceremony presented , Oscar statuettes the ceremony at

, presented Oscar statuettes at the ceremony presented Oscar statuettes at the ceremony have Until returned , winners 2010 2010 , returned winners their statuettes , returned winners their statuettes to returned winners their statuettes to the Academy had , winners have 2010 , had have winners the option had have winners the option of engraved has The R.S. Owens company nameplates made been legally encumbered by the requirement legally encumbered by the requirement that encumbered by the statuette that the requirement keeps , then the Academy this stipulation , then keeps the Academy the statuette In tried , Michael Todd's grandson 1989 tried , Michael Todd's grandson 1989 to tried Michael Todd's grandson to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar In consigned , Harold Russell 1992 1992 , consigned Harold Russell his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor , consigned Harold Russell his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for consigned Harold Russell his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for " defended Russell his action , saying announced , the results were that announced were the results in early February divided is Academy membership into different branches constitute Actors the largest voting bloc , numbering have been certified by the auditing firm been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers ( stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members published by " were the "Los Angeles Times confirmed , 94% were Caucasian open , a film must the official Academy Awards Rules open must a film in the previous calendar year followed This the win of ' require does not The Best International Feature Film award a U.S. release requires The Best Documentary Feature award either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County meet must The qualifying theatrical runs the same requirements as be , the film will the defined deadline

includes The form the production credits for all related categories Second , are there multiple methods , are there multiple methods of are there multiple methods of qualification is The main method a week-long theatrical release in " are for The requirements the qualifying theatrical run also required per Only one screening is day of are , all voting members Best Picture are , all voting members Best Picture eligible used of a variant is the single transferable vote selected , the winner is most categories selected from among by the nominees has been chosen by instant runoff voting spend will Film companies as much as several million dollars on rules The Academy enforces to limit overt campaigning has It an awards czar on staff has an awards czar on who staff presented are The major awards at a live televised ceremony is It the culmination of the film awards season is This an elaborate extravaganza , with is the invited guests , with an elaborate extravaganza is Black tie dress the most common outfit for men The Academy Awards is the world's longest-running awards show televised is the world's longest-running awards show televised live first televised in by 1953 televised in 1953 by NBC for resumed then ABC five years five years then resumed ABC broadcast duties then resumed ABC broadcast duties in resumed ABC broadcast duties in 1976 produced has also The Academy condensed versions was Another reason because of the growing TV ratings success moved were ABC's regained Oscars from Tuesday is The earlier date also to the advantage moved is the ceremony into the first Sunday of March moved , it was the 1999 ceremonies moved was it to Sundays were given for The reasons the move for were more viewers that the move were more viewers that the move would

For many years opposed the film industry a Sunday broadcast many years opposed the film industry a Sunday broadcast because the film industry opposed it because a Sunday broadcast opposed it because a Sunday broadcast would In contemplated , the Academy 2010 contemplated , the Academy 2010 moving , contemplated the Academy moving the ceremony contemplated the Academy moving the ceremony even decrease would dramatically such an accelerated schedule the voting period clash on a January ceremony would Sunday postponed , the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was April 8, 1968 postponed was the 40th Academy Awards ceremony for two days introduced " segment was Memoriam introduced , honoring who those drawn has This segment criticism over averages , the ceremony generally broadcast length , averages generally the ceremony three and a half hours of lasted , the 2002 ceremony the spectrum lasted , the 2002 ceremony the spectrum four hours , announced of the organizers the Academy Awards the organizers of announced winners' acceptance speeches the Academy Awards of announced winners' acceptance speeches the Academy Awards must announced winners' acceptance speeches the Academy Awards must not displayed , winners' dedications were speeches During acknowledged , host Jimmy Kimmel the 2018 ceremony acknowledged , host Jimmy Kimmel the 2018 ceremony how reported , "Variety " the show is AMPAS responsible for most aspects tuned More than 57.25 million viewers to the telecast for watched , the 80th Academy Awards telecast was 2008 the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers was watched by 31.76 million viewers on watched by 31.76 million viewers on average of drew , the 93rd Academy Awards 23.6 million viewers 23.6 million viewers , drew the 93rd Academy Awards an even lower viewership , drew the 93rd Academy Awards an even lower viewership of drew the 93rd Academy Awards an even lower viewership of 10.4 million

holds The Academy Film Archive copies of every Academy Awards ceremony presented , the first Academy Awards were 1929 presented were the first Academy Awards at a banquet dinner hosted in Grauman's Chinese Theatre then Hollywood presented , the awards were 1950 to 1960 presented were the awards at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre , took from the awards 1953 to 1957 took from 1953 to 1957 the awards place moved The Oscars to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in By decided , the Academy 1969 decided , the Academy 1969 to decided the Academy to move the ceremonies split , the Best Directing award was the awards split was the Best Directing award into two categories from announced , they Academy members announced , they Academy members that are voted on by special committees voted on by special committees , of spend , many studios the Academy Awards the Academy Awards , spend many studios millions of dollars , spend many studios millions of dollars and spend many studios millions of dollars and hire generated has This accusations of received have long The Academy Awards criticism based is This criticism on the statistics became The 88th awards ceremony the target of a boycott concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio boycotted Nichols the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of accepted eventually Nichols the 1935 award three years later became George C. Scott the second person to refuse described Scott it as a "meat parade was to refuse The third person the award the award was who , Marlon Brando was who , Marlon Brando refused unsegregated , other categories are unsegregated categories become has It a tradition to reported , the value was 2014 included have Oscar gift bags vacation packages to had , the adult products retailer Adam & Eve 2014

, had Adam & Eve the adult products retailer a "Secret Room Gifting Suite had Adam & Eve the adult products retailer a "Secret Room Gifting Suite " has The film no male actors , with wrote " , Christopher Tookey "Movie - Film - Review wrote " This cinematic adaptation of a theatrical work " is " Animalia an illustrated children's book is " Animalia an illustrated children's book by " is " Animalia an alliterative alphabet book is " Animalia an alliterative alphabet book and features Each illustration an animal from the animal kingdom published Julia MacRae Books an "Animalia" colouring book in 2008 airs also It on Minimax is It a continuous scale of time is It the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time is It also the basis for into is , UTC effect is , UTC effect currently , is UTC currently exactly 37 seconds is UTC currently exactly 37 seconds behind is TAI a weighted average of the time compared are The clocks using GPS signals signal with which , timecodes denoted are These time scales in the form "UTC(NPL expressed is This time scale in the form In is , it hindsight is , it hindsight possible started Atomic timekeeping services experimentally in 1955 used was It as a basis defined was The SI second in terms applied were corrections to the output above meant , this sea level meant , this sea level that defined of three were these time scales was TAI henceforth a realisation of questioned of The continued existence was TAI is occasionally adjusted by leap seconds composed , it is these adjustments composed is it of segments is composed of that segments composed of that segments are made , the adjustments were December 1971 was This a compromise arrangement in order

is Altruism the principle and moral practice of concern is It a traditional virtue in many cultures vary ) of the object(s concern is an individual performing which an action suggests Steinberg a definition for altruism predicated are latter upon social relationships suggests of The theory psychological egoism that of suggests no act that psychological egoism suggests no act that psychological egoism of suggests that no act of sharing also refer to that an ethical doctrine refer to that an ethical doctrine claims contrasted with which , egoism has The concept a long history in philosophical and ethical thought originally coined in by the 19th century coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist can affect the different methods , the other fields affect the different methods , the other fields and are Alms the fruits of a moral notion is Generosity an obligation , because is Nemesis , because an obligation is This the ancient morality of the gift of refers , altruism social evolution refers , altruism social evolution to , refers altruism to behaviour refers altruism to behaviour by accelerated of Theories were apparently altruistic behavior of accelerated were by apparently altruistic behavior apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated by the need were accelerated by the need to accelerated by the need to produce was of altruism The study the initial impetus found of An interesting example is altruism in showed , they October 2006 showed , they October 2006 that , was not that a superior moral faculty was not that a superior moral faculty suppresses showed that subjects with damage " feel often Psychopaths no empathy feel often Psychopaths no empathy or seem it to find reasoning been has There some debate on specify Some definitions a self-sacrificial nature to altruism brought of the selflessness is altruistic acts

Daniel Batson is who a psychologist examined is a psychologist who examined this question identified He four major motives : to contrasted of Feelings are empathic concern help with empathic concern People others observe , studies often altruism , observe often studies altruism observe often studies altruism as suggests that the number of bystanders decrease of bystanders Greater numbers individual feelings observed have Many studies the effects of examined One study the physical health of mothers examined the physical health of who mothers determined , it was prior health status , found on one study volunteerism found on one study volunteerism that on found feeling that volunteerism found feeling that volunteerism overwhelmed about is , it themselves is , it themselves also seeks of sociology This type contributions of sociology seeks that contributions sociology seeks that contributions aid seeks that contributions aid grassroots is it at motivates the group level of link ; some publications study study ; link some publications the occurrence ; link some publications the occurrence of link some publications the occurrence of moral outrage promote , of Most, if not all the world's religions figures Altruism prominently in Buddhism is equally : love all beings equally : is love the wish : is love the wish that love is all beings that the wish is all beings that the wish be can be cured by the one medicine be cured by the one medicine of cured by the one medicine of love Buddhism is characterized by the belief is characterized by the belief that characterized by negative (unhappy) consequences that the belief revolve of The fundamental principles Jainism around preaches Jainism the view of "Ahimsa prescribes Jainism a path of non is of Jain belief A major characteristic the emphasis and uncontrolled sense are organs the powerful enemies

uncontrolled sense are organs the powerful enemies of are organs the powerful enemies of humans have The monks to observe them seeks of The principle nonviolence to seeks to minimize which karmas views Jainism every soul as worthy emphasizes Jainism the equality of all life extends This policy even to microscopic organisms concluded " , he ourselves thinks we should love God draw Many biblical authors a strong connection between love argued has Thomas Jay Oord in several books argued in several books altruism that is An altruistic action not always a loving action distinguishes German philosopher Max Scheler two ways in which is One way a sincere expression of Christian love is Another way merely " one For means , this Sufis Sufis , means this devotion , means this devotion to means this devotion to others is This similar to the notion defines Judaism altruism as the desired goal stated that love is the most important attribute defined is This as bestowal be can This altruism towards be altruism towards that humanity defines Kabbalah God as the force proposed that such a framework is the purpose is Altruism essential to the Sikh religion is in The central faith Sikhism that in is the greatest deed that Sikhism is any one that the greatest deed Sikhism gave He water to both friends began of Some the enemy to brought Sikh soldiers Bhai Kanhaiya before Guru Gobind Singh replied " , Bhai Kanhaiya them You were practicing you what were practicing you what were practicing you what were coached of notes , Sivananda the Brahma Sutras notes , Sivananda the Brahma Sutras that bestow can not karma the fruits argue that karma generates apurva act unless moved by an intelligent being text , supports the Bhagavad Gita the doctrine , supports the Bhagavad Gita the doctrine of

supports the Bhagavad Gita the doctrine of karma yoga exists There a wide range of philosophical views maintain of Proponents ethical altruism that of maintain individuals that ethical altruism maintain individuals that ethical altruism are The opposing view is which , ethical egoism is which , ethical egoism maintains is in descriptive ethics A related concept psychological egoism is Effective altruism a philosophy and social movement is that and social movement a philosophy encourages Effective altruism individuals to consider It is that the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach distinguishes is the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach that distinguishes effective altruism , applies of the philosophy effective altruism applies of the philosophy effective altruism more known is She for her fiction in moved , she Russia moved , she Russia to , moved she to the United States moved she to the United States in She wrote that a play opened wrote that a play opened on unsuccessful , achieved she fame , achieved she fame with achieved she fame with her 1943 novel In published , Rand 1957 1957 , published Rand her best-known work , published Rand her best-known work , published Rand her best-known work , the novel acquiring rejected ; she knowledge knowledge ; rejected she faith ; rejected she faith and rejected she faith and religion supported She rational and ethical egoism and rejected In condemned , she politics politics , condemned she the initiation , condemned she the initiation of condemned she the initiation of force , supported she " laissez-faire" capitalism supported she " laissez-faire" capitalism , In promoted , Rand art art , promoted Rand romantic realism received Rand's fiction mixed reviews from literary critics influenced have politically Her writings some libertarians born was Rand Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on was She the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum

was She twelve at the time under Vladimir Lenin disrupted the family the life Vladimir Lenin disrupted the family the life had disrupted the family the life had enjoyed concluded there , Rand high school Rand concluded she was an atheist concluded she was an atheist and opened , universities were the Russian Revolution opened were universities to women At began , she 16 16 , began she her studies , began she her studies in began she her studies in the department came Rand to see their differing views purged , she was many other bourgeois students purged was she from the university allowed of many were the purged students studied then She for a year decided , she had this time had decided her professional surname for writing decided her professional surname for writing would granted , Rand was late 1925 , granted was Rand a visa granted was Rand a visa to departed She on January   become lived , she a screenwriter lived , she a screenwriter for , lived she for a few months lived she for a few months with owned of them One a movie theater owned her and allowed a movie theater met " , she The King of Kings " , met she an aspiring young actor , met she an aspiring young actor , met she an aspiring young actor , Frank O'Connor became She a permanent American resident in July 1929 , came Rand's first literary success with the sale came Rand's first literary success with the sale of in focused , it Soviet Russia focused , it Soviet Russia on , focused it on the struggle focused it on the struggle between adapted She the story as a stage play of was , Rand her later novels was , Rand her later novels able

to wrote , Rand the 1959 edition wrote , Rand the 1959 edition that wrote Rand her novella "Anthem " presents It a vision of a dystopian future world find could not Rand an American publisher During became , Rand the 1940s became , Rand the 1940s politically fielding ; she enjoyed Rand's first public speaking experiences ; fielding enjoyed she sometimes hostile questions fielding enjoyed she sometimes hostile questions from fielding sometimes hostile questions from who New York City audiences brought Her work her into contact became She friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt endorsed , Rand strongly them , endorsed strongly Rand the writings endorsed strongly Rand the writings of referred once Mises to her became Rand friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson came as Rand's first major success a writer in Twelve publishers rejected the Bobbs-Merrill Company before it rejected the Bobbs-Merrill Company before it finally prescribed , Rand was the novel , prescribed was Rand the amphetamine Benzedrine prescribed was Rand the amphetamine Benzedrine to helped her to work long hours " became " The Fountainhead a worldwide success became " The Fountainhead a worldwide success , In sold , she 1943 1943 , sold she the film rights , sold she the film rights to sold she the film rights to Warner Bros. hired Producer Hal B. Wallis her afterwards as included for him Her work the screenplays extended Rand her involvement with free-market and anti-communist activism became She involved with the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance during testified , Rand the Second Red Scare testified , Rand the Second Red Scare as , testified Rand as a "friendly witness testified Rand as a "friendly witness " of influenced the book had whom influenced the book had whom profoundly In moved , Rand 1951 moved , Rand 1951 from

, moved Rand from Los Angeles moved Rand from Los Angeles to Initially , was the group an informal gathering , was the group an informal gathering of was the group an informal gathering of friends was an informal gathering of who friends considered " was "Atlas Shrugged Rand's "magnum opus described She the novel's theme as " advocates It the core tenets of Rand's philosophy involves The plot a dystopian United States in which involves a dystopian United States in the most creative industrialists which With intended , Rand this fictional strike intended , Rand this fictional strike to In established , Nathaniel Branden 1958 1958 , established Nathaniel Branden the Nathaniel Branden Lectures , established Nathaniel Branden the Nathaniel Branden Lectures , established Nathaniel Branden the Nathaniel Branden Lectures , later gave Collective members lectures for the NBI published later She some of Rand was unimpressed by many was unimpressed by many of unimpressed by many of the NBI students described Some the NBI or the Objectivist movement expressed Rand opinions on a wide range mimicked of her followers Some her preferences developed Rand and promoted her Objectivist philosophy began She delivering annual lectures at took , she often these appearances , took often she controversial stances took often she controversial stances on included These : supporting abortion rights In began , Nathaniel Branden 1964 1964 , began Nathaniel Branden an affair , began Nathaniel Branden an affair with began Nathaniel Branden an affair with the young actress kept and Barbara Branden Nathaniel the affair ended , ended Rand her relationship , ended Rand her relationship with ended Rand her relationship with both Brandens published She an article in " underwent Rand surgery for lung cancer In retired , she 1976 retired , she 1976 from retired she from writing her newsletter

, declined within her activities the Objectivist movement declined within her activities the Objectivist movement , On died , Rand March 6, 1982 died , Rand March 6, 1982 of , died Rand of heart failure died Rand of heart failure at interred was She in the Kensico Cemetery described Rand her approach to literature wanted her fiction to present the world led This approach her to create Her fiction typically has who protagonists typically has who protagonists are has protagonists who are heroic individualists In read school Rand works by read school Rand works by Fyodor Dostoevsky , show of her depictions her heroes show of her heroes her depictions the influence for have ; her novels movies movies ; have her novels many narrative descriptions ; her novels have that many narrative descriptions her novels have that many narrative descriptions resemble have many narrative descriptions that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios called Rand her philosophy "Objectivism " , In supported , Rand metaphysics metaphysics , supported Rand philosophical realism , supported Rand philosophical realism and supported Rand philosophical realism and opposed In considered , she epistemology considered , she all knowledge epistemology rejected Rand all claims of non In argued , Rand ethics argued , Rand ethics for , argued Rand for rational and ethical egoism argued Rand for rational and ethical egoism ( referred Rand to egoism as In presented , she it it , presented she her solution , presented she her solution to presented she her solution to the condemned She ethical altruism as incompatible emphasized Rand's political philosophy individual rights — including considered She "laissez-faire" capitalism the only moral social system because Rand opposed which , statism opposed she , which statism believed a constitutionally limited government should protect natural rights libertarian , preferred Rand the term

, preferred Rand the term " preferred Rand the term " radical worked She with conservatives on denounced Rand libertarianism , which denounced libertarianism , she which In defined , Rand aesthetics aesthetics , defined Rand art , defined Rand art as defined Rand art as a "selective re to allows , art her allows , art philosophical concepts her focused , the art form Rand a writer Rand said her most important contributions to philosophy said her most important contributions to philosophy were She believed epistemology was a foundational branch believed epistemology was a foundational branch of follows consistently , all the rest it are and politics Rand's ethics the most criticized areas of said , she her ideas said , she her ideas failed said she failed in her attempt called have Critics her definitions of oppose from religious traditions Critics her rejection said , have her attempt Nozick said her attempt to justify individual rights as remarked , Rand her greatest influence remarked , Rand her greatest influence that remarked Rand that in the history devised I the rest of my philosophy criticized " , political scientist Charles Murray the "Claremont Review of Books " , criticized political scientist Charles Murray her claim , criticized political scientist Charles Murray her claim that political scientist Charles Murray criticized her only "philosophical debt that her claim criticized her only "philosophical debt that her claim " asserted He her ideas were derivative found Rand early inspiration from Nietzsche In alluded , she 1928 alluded , she 1928 to , alluded she to his idea alluded she to his idea of are There other indications of Nietzsche's influence believed " ; she mankind's history she believed his epistemology undermined reason believed his epistemology undermined reason and was with Rand's relationship contemporary philosophers mostly

was She not an academic was She dismissive toward critics were of Reviews the Broadway production largely received We than " far fewer reviews " was one Rand that was one Rand that greatly called Pruette her "a writer of were There other positive reviews , but were Rand , but other positive reviews on called ; one the novel's length the novel's length ; called one it ; called one it " called one it " a whale called " , conservative author Whittaker Chambers National Review " , called conservative author Whittaker Chambers the book "sophomoric , called conservative author Whittaker Chambers the book "sophomoric " called conservative author Whittaker Chambers the book "sophomoric " and described He the book's tone as " accused He Rand of supporting " received " Atlas Shrugged positive reviews received " Atlas Shrugged positive reviews from received Rand's nonfiction far fewer reviews than her novels likened Philosopher Sidney Hook her certainty to " likened the way philosophy to " her certainty continue sold , Rand's books over 30 million copies was " Rand's "Atlas Shrugged the second most popular choice , ; influenced has she later writers influenced has she later writers like provided Rand a positive view of business shows Television including animated sitcoms , Throughout her life was she the subject her life was she the subject of was she the subject of many articles provided , the Ayn Rand Institute has 2002 , provided has the Ayn Rand Institute free copies provided has the Ayn Rand Institute free copies of distributed had The Institute 4.5 million copies in , had has Rand a continuing influence had has Rand a continuing influence on considered is often Rand one of described , journalist Brian Doherty that movement that movement , described journalist Brian Doherty her

, described journalist Brian Doherty her as described journalist Brian Doherty her as " faced She intense opposition from William F. Buckley Jr. compared Opinion articles real-world events with the novel's plot appeared and her fictional hero John Galt Rand her fictional hero appeared John Galt at Tea Party protests was There increased criticism of her ideas blamed Critics the economic crisis on her support In said , Adam Weiner 2015 said , Adam Weiner 2015 that said Adam Weiner that through Greenspan said that Rand's novels had "incalculable impact During received , her work Rand's lifetime Rand's lifetime , received her work little attention , received her work little attention from received her work little attention from academic scholars increased in interest has her work In identified , historian Jennifer Burns 2009 2009 , identified historian Jennifer Burns "three overlapping waves , identified historian Jennifer Burns "three overlapping waves " identified historian Jennifer Burns "three overlapping waves " of of included , few universities that same year that same year , included few universities Rand , included few universities Rand or included few universities Rand or Objectivism in were , the grants some cases were , the grants some cases controversial In said , media critic Eric Burns 2020 said , media critic Eric Burns 2020 that In discussed , John Hospers 1967 1967 , discussed John Hospers Rand's ethical ideas , discussed John Hospers Rand's ethical ideas in discussed John Hospers Rand's ethical ideas in the second edition That same year , included Hazel Barnes a chapter , included Hazel Barnes a chapter critiquing included Hazel Barnes a chapter critiquing Objectivism in declared , its author 1971 declared , its author 1971 writing declared its author writing about Rand "a treacherous undertaking appeared about A few articles Rand's ideas in

was of One these " argued , Nozick that the same publication argued that Nozick misstated Rand's case edited was by , Den Uyl and Rasmussen was Den Uyl and Rasmussen , by the first academic book In wrote , political writer Jack Wheeler one essay wrote , political writer Jack Wheeler one essay that described " , Jenny A. Heyl Contemporary Women Philosophers " , described Jenny A. Heyl a divergence , described Jenny A. Heyl a divergence in Jenny A. Heyl described how different academic specialties in a divergence described how different academic specialties in a divergence viewed considered , Ayn Rand is literary academia , considered is Ayn Rand a philosopher considered is Ayn Rand a philosopher . summarized " , political theorist Chandran Kukathas the "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy " , summarized political theorist Chandran Kukathas the mainstream philosophical reception , summarized political theorist Chandran Kukathas the mainstream philosophical reception of summarized political theorist Chandran Kukathas the mainstream philosophical reception of her work He said most commentators view her ethical argument said most commentators view her ethical argument as for argued , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer the Cato Institute argued , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer very few people the Cato Institute He attributed she the attention receives attributed she the attention receives to In agreed , the Pennsylvania State University Press 2012 agreed , the Pennsylvania State University Press 2012 to find could not Mimi Reisel Gladstein any scholarly articles continued of scholars have English and American literature cover about important authors Several academic book series Rand include These Twayne's United States Authors ( " in declared , John David Lewis 2001 declared , John David Lewis 2001 that of continued , the Objectivist movement the Nathaniel Branden Institute continued , the Objectivist movement the Nathaniel Branden Institute in

, continued the Objectivist movement in other forms In began , Leonard Peikoff the 1970s began , Leonard Peikoff the 1970s delivering , began Leonard Peikoff delivering courses began Leonard Peikoff delivering courses on In started , Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz 1979 1979 , started Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz a newsletter , started Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz a newsletter called started Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz a newsletter called "The Intellectual Activist In worked , Peikoff 1985 worked , Peikoff 1985 with , worked Peikoff with businessman Ed Snider worked Peikoff with businessman Ed Snider to with founded , philosopher David Kelley Peikoff Peikoff , founded philosopher David Kelley the Institute for Objectivist Studies , founded philosopher David Kelley the Institute for Objectivist Studies , founded philosopher David Kelley the Institute for Objectivist Studies , now is He a Professor at the Collège de France in succeeded , he the 1970s succeeded , he the 1970s in succeeded he in obtaining the almost complete classification also formulated the Connes embedding problem Following made , he this this , made he contributions , made he contributions in made he contributions in operator K-theory introduced also He cyclic cohomology in awarded was Connes the Fields Medal in was He an invited speaker at the ICM moved The family to the United States when moved to he when the United States studied Allan Dwan engineering at the University of Notre Dame had He a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry , began of some the East Coast movie makers began of some the East Coast movie makers to , worked of a number movie companies worked of a number movie companies there operated Dwan Flying A Studios in La Mesa was Flying A one of the first motion pictures studios comedies , directed Dwan fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford

, directed Dwan fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in directed Dwan fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies directed Dwan Gloria Swanson in eight feature films launch helped Dwan the career of spanning directed , Dwan almost 50 years almost 50 years , directed Dwan 125 motion pictures , directed Dwan 125 motion pictures , Dwan directed some , 125 motion pictures directed some , 125 motion pictures of described of Daniel Eagan " "Film Journal International is It the largest country by total area bordered is It to the northeast has The country a semi-arid geography , with has most , with a semi-arid geography covers Algeria an area of , of is , Algeria 44 million 44 million , is Algeria the ninth-most populous country , is Algeria the ninth-most populous country in is Algeria the ninth-most populous country in Africa seen has Pre-1962 Algeria many empires and is of Algeria's population The vast majority Arab-Berber , serves French as an administrative and educational language serves French as an administrative and educational language in is Algeria a semi-presidential republic , with is Algeria a regional power in North Africa has It the highest Human Development Index of all non-island African countries has Algeria the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves and the ninth-largest reserves is Algeria's military one of the are of Other forms the name : shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe produced Neanderthal tool makers hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles was Algeria the site of the highest state called in The earliest blade industries are North Africa by existed , a Phoenician presence 600 BC existed , a Phoenician presence 600 BC at , existed a Phoenician presence at Tipasa existed a Phoenician presence at Tipasa , , increased on its impact the indigenous population

increased on its impact the indigenous population dramatically was Berber civilisation already at a stage formed BC , Berbers the early 4th century BC , formed Berbers the single largest element , formed Berbers the single largest element of formed Berbers the single largest element of the Carthaginian army of rebelled , Berber soldiers the Mercenaries rebelled , Berber soldiers the Mercenaries from , rebelled Berber soldiers from 241 to 238 BC rebelled Berber soldiers from 241 to 238 BC after succeeded They in obtaining control destroyed of the city was Carthage emerged , several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had BC established of Two were them lay of Numidia West Mauretania Numidia lay which , Mauretania lay which , Mauretania extended divided , the Berber kingdoms were 148 BC For ruled Algeria was several centuries ruled Algeria was by several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans was ruled by the Romans , ruled by who , the Romans of was , Algeria North Africa North Africa , was Algeria one , was Algeria one of was Algeria one of the breadbaskets was Saint Augustine the bishop of Hippo Regius moved The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric into North Africa in make did not They any significant settlement the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous Laguatan was occupied by who the indigenous Laguatan occupied by who the indigenous Laguatan had led of The collapse the Western Roman Empire to It was succeeded by another Kingdom was succeeded by another Kingdom based succeeded by another Kingdom based in , conquered of Muslim Arabs the Umayyad Caliphate conquered of the Umayyad Caliphate Muslim Arabs Algeria converted of Large numbers the indigenous Berber people to of emerged , numerous local dynasties the Umayyad Caliphate emerged , numerous local dynasties the Umayyad Caliphate ,

emerged numerous local dynasties , including the Rustamids left The Christians in three waves : During was , North Africa the Middle Ages the Middle Ages , was North Africa home , was North Africa home to was North Africa home to many great scholars was It during this time that was during the Fatimids that this time to punish sent the Fatimids them punish them sent the Fatimids the Arab Banu Hilal them sent the Fatimids the Arab Banu Hilal and sent the Fatimids the Arab Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym recounted is The resultant war in the epic Tāghribāt as Fatimid Caliphate made that an Islamic empire Fatimid Caliphate made that an Islamic empire included made an Islamic empire that included North Africa consisted historically The Amazighs of several tribes The two main branches were who , the Botr and Barnès tribes were who , the Botr and Barnès tribes were contained of the Maghreb Each region several tribes emerged Several Amazigh dynasties during the Middle Ages in provides Ibn Khaldun a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties well as established the Fatimids their rule as established the Fatimids their rule in established the Fatimids their rule in all The Zirids ruled what in land ruled what in land is captured The Hammadids and held important regions In established the Rustamid Kingdom was Algeria recognized The Zirids nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs decided the Zirid ruler to end this recognition attempt found , they a direct invasion a direct invasion , found they another means , found they another means of found they another means of revenge decided The then Fatimid vizier to destroy what decided to destroy he what set Whole tribes off with women stopped Some on the way , tried The Zirid ruler to stop this rising tide

there gained gradually they the upper Algiers gained gradually they the upper Algiers and forcibly taken back by the Almohads taken back by the Almohads in was of Bedouin tribes The influx a major factor , were the main supporters of the throne were the main supporters of the throne and of declared , Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan modern-day Western Algeria modern-day Western Algeria , declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan his independence , declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan his independence and declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan his independence and established retained The Zayyanids their control over Algeria by decided , Spain the Zayyanid sultans decided , Spain the Zayyanid sultans to decided Spain to invade Algeria In invaded , they 1505 invaded , they 1505 and invaded they and captured Mers el Kébir of decided , the Spanish Algeria decided , the Spanish Algeria to In led , they 1510 1510 , led they a series , led they a series of led they a series of sieges succeeded They in conquering Jijel of succeeded , Hayreddin Tlemcen Tlemcen , succeeded Hayreddin him , succeeded Hayreddin him as succeeded Hayreddin him as military commander gave The Ottoman sultan him the title of was The next beylerbey Hayreddin's son Hasan , was who Hasan , Hayreddin's son was He a Kouloughli or of governed of 1587 Beylerbeylik was Algiers of governed was by Algiers Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys was governed by who Beylerbeys governed by who Beylerbeys served The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit , assisted by an autonomous janissary unit , known rose among Discontent the ojaq in rose in they because the mid-1600s struck had repeatedly Plague the cities preyed The Barbary pirates on Christian and took often The pirates the passengers and

did also They a brisk business in from captured , pirates the 16th to 19th century the 16th to 19th century , captured pirates 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans , captured pirates 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as captured pirates 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves made often They raids , for captured , Hayreddin Barbarossa example example , captured Hayreddin Barbarossa the island , captured Hayreddin Barbarossa the island of captured Hayreddin Barbarossa the island of Ischia received The new leader the title of Dey passed to select the right the dey In persuaded , the dey 1710 1710 , persuaded the dey the sultan , persuaded the dey the sultan to persuaded the dey the sultan to recognise was The dey in effect a constitutional autocrat elected was The dey for a life term had , it never the tribal chieftains , had never it the unanimous allegiance had never it the unanimous allegiance of continued in Barbary raids the Mediterranean to in was , the Spanish fleet 1784 was , the Spanish fleet 1784 to In took , Algiers 1792 took , Algiers 1792 back , took Algiers back Oran and Mers el Kébir took Algiers back Oran and Mers el Kébir , resulted in which , the First and Second Barbary Wars to invaded , the French their consul invaded , the French their consul and invaded the French and captured Algiers wrote Historian Ben Kiernan on the French conquest of killed had The war approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since were from 1831 to 1851 French losses 92,329 A combination of caused the indigenous Algerian population violence and disease epidemics of caused the indigenous Algerian population violence and disease epidemics to caused the indigenous Algerian population violence and disease epidemics to decline On declared , Napoleon III September 17, 1860

declared , Napoleon III September 17, 1860 " until administered , France independence independence , administered France the whole Mediterranean region , administered France the whole Mediterranean region of administered France the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria of became , Algeria France's longest-held overseas territories France's longest-held overseas territories , became Algeria a destination , became Algeria a destination for became Algeria a destination for hundreds of thousands , emigrated 50,000 French people to Algeria benefited These settlers from the French government's confiscation of early 20th century , was the European share almost a fifth , was the European share almost a fifth of was the European share almost a fifth of the population suppressed against the uprising was the occupying French forces suppressed was what through the occupying French forces came between Tensions the two population groups to led The war to the death of state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war estimated Horne Algerian casualties during the span of eight years " totaled fled who Algeria totaled fled Algeria who more than 900,000 overthrown was Ben Bella in 1965 was overthrown in by 1965 overthrown in 1965 by Houari Boumédiène authoritarian ; continued Boumédienne this trend collectivised He agriculture and launched under pursued , Algeria President Houari Boumediene President Houari Boumediene , pursued Algeria a program , pursued Algeria a program of pursued Algeria a program of industrialisation promoted He a policy of Arabisation by introduced , Bendjedid the end of the decade the end of the decade , introduced Bendjedid a multi-party system In dominated the Islamic Salvation Front December 1991 the December 1991 dominated the Islamic Salvation Front the first dominated the Islamic Salvation Front the first of of intervened , the authorities an Islamist government intervened , the authorities an Islamist government on , intervened the authorities on 11 January 1992

intervened the authorities on 11 January 1992 , banned It the FIS , triggering conducted The Islamist militants a violent campaign of civilian massacres , became in the situation Algeria became in Algeria the situation a point held Algeria elections in 1999 worked He to restore political stability disbanded and levels of insurgent violence comprised The programme economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise included also It a second amnesty initiative , amended , the Algerian Constitution was November 2008 amended was the Algerian Constitution following a vote enabled This change Bouteflika to stand On lifted , the government 24 February 2011 24 February 2011 , lifted the government Algeria's 19-year-old state , lifted the government Algeria's 19-year-old state of lifted the government Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency enacted The government legislation dealing with In promised , Bouteflika April 2011 April 2011 , promised Bouteflika further constitutional and political reform In became , Abdelmadjid Tebboune December 2019 December 2019 , became Abdelmadjid Tebboune Algeria's president , became Abdelmadjid Tebboune Algeria's president , became Abdelmadjid Tebboune Algeria's president , after been , Algeria has South Sudan , been has Algeria the largest country been has Algeria the largest country in includes Its southern part a significant portion of the Sahara To form , the Tell Atlas the north form , the Tell Atlas the north with , form the Tell Atlas with the Saharan Atlas form the Tell Atlas with the Saharan Atlas , lies Algeria mostly between latitudes located are They about south be , midday desert temperatures can this region however , permits the clear, dry air rapid loss , permits the clear, dry air rapid loss of permits the clear, dry air rapid loss of heat has also Algeria ergs , includes of Algeria The varied vegetation coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions

of Algeria includes which coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions Algeria includes all which coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions includes all which coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions support include The most commonly seen animals the wild boars , jackals has also Algeria a small African leopard and A variety of makes the country bird species of makes the country bird species an makes the country bird species an attraction The forests are inhabited by boars are inhabited by boars and inhabited by boars and jackals , includes of some the native flora includes of the native flora some Macchia scrub contain The mountain regions large forests of evergreens is The grape vine indigenous to the coast In have , some oases the Sahara region the Sahara region , have some oases palm trees are with wild olives Acacias the predominant flora have Elected politicians relatively little sway over Algeria been might have The most powerful man Mohamed Mediène died of many have these generals is of state The head the President elected as the election after president refused Protestors to recognise Tebboune has Algeria universal suffrage at 18 years of age is The President the head of the army the People's National Assembly , has who 462 members , has who 462 members are has who 462 members are directly In agreed , the French government 2009 agreed , the French government 2009 to agreed the French government to compensate victims consists of The military Algeria of include Total military personnel 147,000 active , is in Service the military compulsory was The military expenditure 4.3% of the gross domestic product has Algeria the second largest military in North Africa In signed , the Algerian Air Force 2007 2007 , signed the Algerian Air Force a deal , signed the Algerian Air Force a deal with

signed the Algerian Air Force a deal with Russia has been categorised by Freedom House been categorised by Freedom House as categorised by Freedom House as " issued , the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor " December 2016 , issued " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor a report issued " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor a report regarding clarified that the Algerian government imposed restriction face Independent and autonomous trade unions routine harassment from the government is Homosexuality illegal in Algeria is Public homosexual behavior punishable by up to two years , think of about 26% Algerians think of about 26% Algerians that of think homosexuality that Algerians think homosexuality that Algerians should divided is Algeria into 58 provinces kept of the numbers are old provinces is Algeria's currency the dinar ( The economy remains dominated by the state remains dominated by the state , dominated by the state , a legacy halted , the Algerian government has recent years , halted has the Algerian government the privatization halted has the Algerian government the privatization of increased has Public spending by 27% to has , Algeria strong hydrocarbon revenues strong hydrocarbon revenues , has Algeria a cushion , has Algeria a cushion of has Algeria a cushion of $173 billion In is , Algeria's external debt addition is , Algeria's external debt addition extremely stands Its crude oil production at around 1.1 million barrels / been have long Hydrocarbons the backbone has Algeria the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas reported The U.S. Energy Information Administration that in 2005 projected for Non-hydrocarbon growth was 2011 with raised , the authorities social demands social demands , raised the authorities expenditure , raised the authorities expenditure , raised the authorities expenditure , especially The Algerian national oil company is which , Sonatrach is which , Sonatrach plays

In had , Algeria 2016 2016 , had Algeria 0.53 global hectares , had Algeria 0.53 global hectares of had Algeria 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity In used , Algeria 2016 2016 , used Algeria 2.4 global hectares , used Algeria 2.4 global hectares of used Algeria 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as invested has Algeria an estimated 100 billion dinars towards Currently , has Algeria 20,000 research professors , has Algeria 20,000 research professors at has Algeria 20,000 research professors at various universities was of unemployment The overall rate 10% are There several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria estimated ; its length is Africa will be complemented by the East-West Highway be complemented by the East-West Highway , complemented by the East-West Highway , a major infrastructure project is It a 3-way, highway , linking is also crossed by the Trans-Sahara Highway also crossed by the Trans-Sahara Highway , crossed by which , the Trans-Sahara Highway has Algeria a population of an estimated of was , its population the 20th century the 20th century , was its population approximately four million Between 90,000 and 165,000 live from Sahrawis Western Sahara live from Sahrawis Western Sahara in are There also more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees , are also who , more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees contributed have French to the history are of Descendants Andalusian refugees also , identify of the majority Algerians identify of the majority Algerians with During was , there the colonial period the colonial period , was there a large (10% , was there a large (10% in was there a large (10% in 1960 were They primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin are and Berber Modern Standard Arabic the official languages

) is by used the language is the language used by the majority recognised as by " a "national language in has , it Algeria Algeria , has it one , has it one of has it one of the largest Francophone populations read , 11.2 million Algerians could 2008 found in An Abassa Institute study April 2000 that in found 60% that April 2000 found 60% that April 2000 of found that 60% of households emerged Algeria as a bilingual state after is Islam the predominant religion in Algeria are There about 290,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley been has There an increase in found that the percentage of Algerians In had , Algeria 2018 2018 , had Algeria the highest numbers , had Algeria the highest numbers of had Algeria the highest numbers of physicians was to Access " "improved water sources making , Algeria is the World Bank , making is Algeria progress making is Algeria progress toward Given favours , policy Algeria's young population Algeria's young population , favours policy preventive health care , favours policy preventive health care and favours policy preventive health care and clinics with maintains , the government this policy this policy , maintains the government an immunisation program is , now the literacy rate independence used , Arabic is 1972 used is Arabic as the language taught , French is the third year learn can also The students English from are , the Universities of the State the 122 private schools are , the Universities of the State the 122 private schools free are the Universities of the State free of charge go , students can primary school go can students to the high school offers The school two programs : general has Algeria 26 universities and 67 institutions the offers , it oldest

oldest , offers it education , offers it education in offers it education in various disciplines Among are , there the most important universities the most important universities , are there the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , are there the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , are there the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , the University of Mentouri Constantine been strongly influenced by the country's recent history include of the 20th century Famous novelists Mohammed Dib born of Augustine was Hippo is Contemporary Algerian cinema various in terms go of The historic roots Algerian literature back known had also This period Augustine of is , there the Algerian national entity the Algerian national entity , is there the publication , is there the publication of is there the publication of novels defined , the other party is the 1990s defined is the other party in a different style Chaâbi music is by characterized a typically Algerian musical genre is a typically Algerian musical genre characterized by specific rhythms is of this music The undisputed master El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka include Folk music styles Bedouin music , characterized include by , characterized Bedouin music is Rahaba music style unique to the Aures include of the diaspora Other Algerian singers Manel Filali had generally , Tinariwen Tuareg languages generally , had Tinariwen a worldwide success is Modern music available in several facets 2013 , subsidised FDATIC 98 films , subsidised FDATIC 98 films ( subsidised FDATIC 98 films ( feature films ; were in 21 films this repertoire were in this repertoire 21 films Algerian-French co considered was The country as the "granary offers It a component of dishes uses The cuisine cereals as the main products varies Algerian cuisine from one region to

Among are , there these cakes are , there Tamina these cakes include Marketed and home-made bread products varieties such as existed have Various games in Algeria In played , people the Aures the Aures , played people several games , played people several games such played people several games such as is The first Algerian and African gold medalist Boughera El Ouafi in 1928 Olympics was The second Algerian Medalist Alain Mimoun in 1956 Summer Olympics is Football the most popular sport in Algeria engraved are Several names in the history qualified The Algeria national football team for the 1982 FIFA World Cup , won , several football clubs have addition , won have several football clubs continental and international trophies won have several football clubs continental and international trophies as is The fennec fox the national animal of Algeria is Dagny Taggart the protagonist of the novel is She vice - president is Francisco d'Anconia one of the central characters is He a childhood friend , and dubbed , Francisco was exceptional talents , dubbed was Francisco the "climax dubbed was Francisco the "climax " was He a classmate of John Galt Later , bankrupts Francisco the d'Anconia business , bankrupts Francisco the d'Anconia business to bankrupts Francisco the d'Anconia business to put is John Galt the primary male hero of " appears initially He as an unnamed menial worker given of Only Eddie's side is their conversations for worked , Galt Taggart Transcontinental worked , Galt Taggart Transcontinental as , worked Galt as an engineer worked Galt as an engineer for This prototype was found by Dagny Taggart was found by Dagny Taggart and found by Dagny Taggart and Hank Rearden is " ) Rearden Hank " ) is Rearden one ) is Rearden one of is Rearden one of the central characters

owns He the most important steel company in the United States lives He in Philadelphia with is Edwin "Eddie" Willers the Special Assistant to the Vice-President possess does not Willers the creative ability of makes , Danneskjöld the book the book , makes Danneskjöld a personal appearance , makes Danneskjöld a personal appearance to makes Danneskjöld a personal appearance to encourage written , were there sections , were there sections written were there sections written describing at admitted , Ayn Rand a lecture admitted , Ayn Rand a lecture that admitted that Danneskjöld's name was a tribute is Taggart an expert influence peddler but incapable relies He on his sister , In is , he a sense a sense , is he the antithesis , is he the antithesis of is he the antithesis of Dagny leads This contradiction to the recurring absurdity of The unsupportive wife of who , Hank Rearden achieves Lillian this , when achieves she , when this Ferris is who a biologist works is who a biologist works as uses He his position there to clashes He on several occasions with is He also one of hosts Ferris the demonstration of the Project X weapon by uses , Ferris the looters the looters , uses Ferris the device , uses Ferris the device on uses Ferris the device on Galt become has since He a sell-out become a sell-out , who one works He at the State Science Institute where works at all his inventions where the State Science Institute was The character , in part The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist Hank Rearden whom reluctantly employs , given is he a senior position given is he a senior position at Later in becomes he the novel in the novel becomes he its Top Co the novel becomes he its Top Co -

becomes he its Top Co - ordinator is Anthropology the scientific study of humanity Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life appeared first Its present use in Renaissance Germany ( appeared Its adjectival form in the works appeared Its adjectival form in the works of were of These anthropologists the times liberal are and many other current fields Anthropology the intellectual results was the epiphany of they everything unveiled and Wallace Darwin evolution was There an immediate rush to bring was in Paul Broca Paris in read became , he Darwin Darwin , became he an immediate convert , became he an immediate convert to became he an immediate convert to "Transformisme wanted He to localize the difference discovered He the speech center of the human brain was His interest mainly in Biological anthropology defined Waitz anthropology as " Following points , Waitz Broca's lead points , Waitz Broca's lead out stresses that the data of comparison was Waitz influential among British ethnologists was It the 2nd society dedicated to were from Representatives " the French "Société " , stressed Hunt the work , stressed Hunt the work of stressed Hunt the work of Waitz Among were the young Edward Burnett Tylor the first associates , were the young Edward Burnett Tylor the first associates , inventor followed in Similar organizations other countries : were of these The majority evolutionists was One notable exception the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology , and supported They the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula , had in 48 educational institutions 13 countries had in 13 countries 48 educational institutions some curriculum expanded This meager statistic in the 20th century to diversified has Anthropology from a few major subdivisions stimulate of the presence might buried victims been distinguished from by other social sciences distinguished from other social sciences by their emphasis

, tends of the British tradition social anthropology tends of the British tradition social anthropology to divided into by developed the four field approach tended with European countries overseas colonies to is Anthropology a global discipline involving humanities builds Anthropology upon knowledge from originated Early anthropology in Classical Greece and been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as 1990s , was there an epistemological shift , was there an epistemological shift away was there an epistemological shift away from draws Sociocultural anthropology together the principle axes of is Cultural anthropology the comparative study of the manifold ways ( how affects one's culture the experience how affects one's culture the experience for affects one's culture the experience for self In helps , it that helps , it that develop , helps it develop an understanding helps it develop an understanding of guided in Inquiry is sociocultural anthropology is guided in by part guided in part by cultural relativism moderates other cultures in Accepting their own terms refer can Ethnography to both a methodology based , ethnography is a methodology based is ethnography upon long-term fieldwork is Participant observation one of the foundational methods involves Ethnology the systematic comparison of different cultures is across cultures Comparison a key element are and physical anthropology Biological anthropology synonymous terms is Archaeology the study of the human past examine material remains in order is It the branch of anthropology is the branch of that anthropology is Ethnography a method of analysing involves often It participant observation though often involves an ethnographer though participant observation involves an ethnographer though participant observation may distinguishes Tim Ingold ethnography from anthropology focused of anthropologists have art explored of ethnographic contexts The types range include Other types cyber anthropology , a relatively new area

encompasses , visual anthropology also ethnographic film , encompasses also visual anthropology the anthropological study encompasses also visual anthropology the anthropological study of attempts Economic anthropology to explain human economic behavior has It a complex relationship with the discipline - begin of field anthropology begin of field anthropology with remains Economic Anthropology , for the most part is in anthropology Political economy the application introduced Political economy questions of history developed of Three main areas rapidly interest concerned of first was these areas was concerned with that the "pre-capitalist" societies concerned with that the "pre-capitalist" societies were concerned was The second area with the vast majority was The third area on colonialism , refers Applied anthropology to the application of is It a " complex of includes ; it anthropological research anthropological research ; includes it researcher involvement ; includes it researcher involvement and includes it researcher involvement and activism tends of Anthropology development to Why is there such a gap between is there such a gap between plans are those working in development refer " can Kinship both developed , anthropology has its history , developed has anthropology a number developed has anthropology a number of Within kinship have you two different families People have it and their biological families have it and their biological families is called is This consanguineal relations or have can also People a chosen family have a chosen family in they which is Feminist anthropology a four field approach to anthropology engages Anthropology often with feminists include of This correction may systemic bias to was , Vera Mae Green St. Clair Drake was , Vera Mae Green St. Clair Drake , studied She ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean Nutritional anthropology is that a synthetic concept deals is that a synthetic concept deals with

is Psychological anthropology an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of that anthropology seeks Cognitive anthropology to explain patterns studies Transpersonal anthropology the relationship between altered states with is , the field transpersonal psychology is , the field transpersonal psychology much concerns Political anthropology the structure of political systems meant towards The turn complex societies that towards meant political themes that complex societies meant political themes that complex societies were continued anthropologists to study political organization developed of An anthropology the state , developed it , and the state originated Cyborg anthropology as a sub-focus group within is Digital anthropology the study of the relationship defined is Ecological anthropology as the "study helped human populations adapt to their environments characterize Many this new perspective as more , become has the observer an active part become has the observer an active part of ( borrowing is The troubling problem non indigenous practices borrowing is The troubling problem non indigenous practices and addressing is - anthropology environmental problems is - anthropology environmental problems now - is anthropology now a study is anthropology now a study of is Human activity the most important agent in creating anthropology is to contributes environmental discourse is to contributes environmental discourse by refers - the term typically environmentalism refers typically the term to a concern refers to the environment that a concern is Ethnohistory the study of ethnographic cultures is It also the study of uses Ethnohistory both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation involves of religion The anthropology the study concerned is Urban anthropology with issues Ulf Hannerz quotes traditional anthropologists that a 1960s remark quotes traditional anthropologists that a 1960s remark were are There two main approaches to urban anthropology use , one would cities , use would one social factors use would one social factors as

It is that an interdisciplinary field overlaps is that an interdisciplinary field overlaps with is of anthrozoologic research A major focus the quantifying is Biocultural anthropology the scientific exploration of the relationships from is ; that a racial perspective is ; that a racial perspective , is that , from the assumption is Evolutionary anthropology the interdisciplinary study of the evolution based is Evolutionary anthropology in natural science concerned is Evolutionary anthropology with both biological and cultural evolution based is It on a scientific approach is Forensic anthropology the application of the science assist can A forensic anthropologist in the identification combines Paleoanthropology the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology is It the study of ancient humans is Contemporary anthropology an established science with academic departments is of anthropologists The single largest organization the American Anthropological Association urge , present-day anthropologists typically scientific objectivity , urge typically present-day anthropologists cultural relativism urge typically present-day anthropologists cultural relativism , typically urge which , cultural relativism urge which , cultural relativism has This is cultures that the notion is cultures that the notion should include in anthropology Ethical commitments noticing and documenting genocide , were of many Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were of many Boas' anthropologist contemporaries active served Many in the armed forces , object often Professional anthropological bodies to the use working , HTS teams are addition working are HTS teams with the US military There are that several characteristics tend are that several characteristics tend to is of One the central characteristics that of is anthropology that the central characteristics is anthropology that the central characteristics tends calls for what of clarification are Biological anthropologists interested in both human variation use They many different methods of study divide , anthropologists typically theoretical emphasis , divide typically anthropologists the world divide typically anthropologists the world up

divided on Human time is Earth share and geographers Anthropologists approaches Now exist there many works focusing exist there many works focusing on Since become it has the 1980s become it has the 1980s common is Agricultural science a broad multidisciplinary field of biology is a broad multidisciplinary field of that biology , began in a scientific revolution agriculture began in a scientific revolution agriculture with The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest was driven by farmers' interest in driven by farmers' interest in knowing shifted of 1917 The Smith-Hughes Act agricultural education is " ) khumeía an ancient branch were Common aims chrysopoeia , the developed Islamic and European alchemists a basic set of laboratory techniques abandon did not They the Ancient Greek philosophical idea not abandon everything that the Ancient Greek philosophical idea abandon everything that the Ancient Greek philosophical idea is former is pursued by historians is pursued by historians of pursued by historians of the physical sciences The word comes alchemy from Old French comes alchemy from Old French "alquemie was brought itself from the Arabic word brought itself from the Arabic word " first was proposed by Zosimos was proposed by Zosimos of proposed by Zosimos of Panopolis trace Others its roots to the Egyptian name derives This Coptic word from Demotic "kmỉ " encompasses Alchemy several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia These traditions' general penchant for makes it cryptic and symbolic language for makes it cryptic and symbolic language hard makes it cryptic and symbolic language hard to distinguish can One at least three major strands , can distinguish which , at least three major strands distinguish which , at least three major strands appear In developed , Western alchemy contrast contrast , developed Western alchemy its philosophical system , developed Western alchemy its philosophical system mostly

developed Western alchemy its philosophical system mostly independent of see , modern scholars André-Jean Festugière André-Jean Festugière , see modern scholars alchemical practice , see modern scholars alchemical practice in see modern scholars alchemical practice in the Roman Empire in complicated is by Egypt Egypt is complicated by the pseudepigraphic nature is complicated by the pseudepigraphic nature of complicated by the pseudepigraphic nature of texts based Zosimus his work on that tends Recent scholarship to emphasize the testimony argued that early alchemical writers borrowed the vocabulary wrote of Zosimos Panopolis in explains that the ancient practice of "tinctures asserted – Zosimos of Mythology Panopolis of asserted alchemy that Panopolis asserted alchemy that Panopolis dated used Alchemical writers Classical figures from Greek derived is His name from the god of wrote , he Alexandria wrote , he what Alexandria wrote what were called the "forty-two books   contained , they 250–300 250–300 , contained they recipes , contained they recipes for contained they recipes for dyeing lack These writings the mystical, philosophical elements of alchemy – acted Alexandria as a melting pot acted Alexandria as a melting pot for developed was by , Aristotle was by , Aristotle that was , all things that Aristotle was that all things in the universe to had , each element Aristotle Aristotle , had each element a sphere , had each element a sphere to had each element a sphere to which had a sphere to it which were of the Greek The four elements mostly qualitative aspects are The four elements simply the primary , believed Hermes Trismegistus had prophesied its birth affirmed later St Augustine this in known are by only Zosimos are known only by pseudonyms known only by pseudonyms , know only we through fragments 400 , occupied Greek alchemical writers themselves