title_body: High resolution small-size pdf PDFs on archive.org are in high resolution yet has relatively small size. For example, this book. The book's resolution is 500 ppi and 46 Mb size. 
  
  What I did was I extract the pages using Adobe Acrobat to png with ppi 500, compressed using PNGGauntlet and take 150 pages out of it and combined them using Acrobat. What I got was a 107 
  Mb PDF file. This is ridiculous because it's has far lesser pages yet 2.5 times bigger.
  
  How does one make a small pdf like the original one?
upvoted_answer: The size of a PDF file is dependent on the content of that file. A PDF file is a bundle of streams, with mostly compressed data.
  
  If you generate a PDF file from e.g. a Word or OpenOffice document, these file tend to be relatively small, especially if you do not include Font information and rely on the system provided fonts or font substitutions.
  Adding images to your text will make the files much larger.
  
  Since PDF is one of the minority of image file formats that support multiple images, it is often (mis-)used to store multiple images, that e.g. come from a scan. Those scans are often already compressed JPEG images and for those the PDF file works only as a container (no, or little further compression  is possible). For those kinds of PDF files, the size can be very large, depending on the pixel size of the images (scan resolution x paper format) and in case of lossy compression (JPEG) the quality of the compression. 
  
  If you extract such lossy image files to a lossless format like PNG immediately blows up each of the images often by an order of magnitude. So your results are not surprising. 
  
  It would be much better to just extract the individual pages of the file into separate PDF files and recombine only the pages that you need. This can be done without  having to decompress the streams containing the imagery e.g. by a program like pdftk. If you pick half of the pages of a book, you can expect to have halve the size document in the end (on average).