text: Functional model of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo using an isolated frog semicircular canal.
  Bull frogs posterior semicircular canals (psc) wee used to simulate the condition of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The psc was isolated in frog Ringer's solution, and the saccular otoconia were used as a responsible material to stimulate the cupula. When the otoconia were placed on the cupular surface to mimic the condition of cupulolithiasis, the psc ampullary nerve action potentials instantaneously changed according to the direction of the gravity produced by otoconia. When the otoconia were dropped into the canal to mimic the condition of moving otoconia in the canal, the action potentials changed together with the otoconial flow after a latent period. Both cupulolithiasis and moving otoconia are possibly valid mechanisms of BPPV, since they effectively stimulate the cupula. However, moving otoconia with a latent period would better explain clinical features of BPPV.
  
entities.text: ['semicircular canal']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T1
entities.text: ['posterior semicircular canals']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T2
entities.text: ['psc']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T3
entities.text: ['psc']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T4
entities.text: ['saccular otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T5
entities.text: ['cupula']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T6
entities.text: ['otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T7
entities.text: ['cupular surface']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T8
entities.text: ['psc ampullary nerve']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T9
entities.text: ['otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T10
entities.text: ['otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T11
entities.text: ['canal']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T12
entities.text: ['otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T13
entities.text: ['canal']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T14
entities.text: ['otoconial']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T15
entities.text: ['otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T16
entities.text: ['cupula']
entities.type: Multi-tissue_structure
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T17
entities.text: ['otoconia']
entities.type: Organism_substance
entities.entity_id: PMID-8925114_T18