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+{"metadata":{"id":"034012a87597e1b4aadb48d494de2560","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/fe31c6a6-1e27-4c38-ae6f-6116b54109b6/retrieve"},"pageCount":116,"title":"Annex 15: Trend of extension packages use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area 97 Annex 16: Trend of fertilizer utilization for wheat in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area 97 Annex 17: Trend of improved seed use for wheat in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 18: Trend of pesticide use for wheat in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 19: Trend of extension packages use for wheat in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 20: Trend of fertilizer utilization for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 21: Trend of improved seed use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 22: Trend of pesticide use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 23: Trend of extension packages use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 24: Trend of fertilizer utilization for sorghum in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 25: Trend of improved seed use for sorghum in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 26: Trend of pesticide use for sorghum in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 27: Trend of extension packages use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 28: Trend of fertilizer utilization for vegetables in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area","keywords":[],"chapters":[{"head":"","index":1,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":7,"text":"Tables Table 1: Population and household size    "}]},{"head":"Background","index":2,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":68,"text":"The CGIAR Research Program on Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics or 'Humidtropics' is a global researchfor-development initiative which seeks to transform the lives of the rural poor in the humid lowlands, moist savannas, and tropical highlands in tropical Americas, Asia and Africa. Humidtropics provides a new integrated agricultural systems approach, a single research-for-development plan, and a unique partnerships platform for better impact on poverty and ecosystems integrity."},{"index":2,"size":213,"text":"The humid and sub-humid tropics with 2.9 billion people on about 3 billion hectares of land are critical to global food supplies, central to the maintenance of global biodiversity, and vital to the mitigation of greenhouse gasses. Humidtropics focuses on four action areas in the first tier across the globe, one being the East and Central African (ECA) action area, which includes eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda. Each action area has a number of action sites and within each action site there will be a number of field sites where integrated systems research on productivity, natural resource management, nutrition, market and institutions, and gender will be conducted. Humidtropics functions through research for development (R4D) platforms at action site level and innovation platforms (IPs) at field site level that allow for multi-stakeholder interactions and partnerships to engage in priority setting, identification of entry points and opportunities, research implementation, and for building synergies to achieve impact at scale. The action area in Ethiopia lies in western Oromia National Regional State comprising eight zones, namely western Shewa, southwestern Shewa, Jimma, Illu-Aba Bora, East and West Wollega, Kelem Wollega and Horo Guduru Wollega. It works in two primary Field Sites, Jeldu and Diga, and two secondary field sites, Dedo and Lemo."},{"index":3,"size":107,"text":"It is expected that over the next 15 years, Humidtropics will advance the CGIAR system level outcomes within the action areas by increasing staple food yields by 60%, increasing average farm income by 50%, lifting 25% of poor households above the poverty line, reducing the number of malnourished children by 30% and restoring 40% of these farms to sustainable resource management. These outcomes will be achieved in a phased manner through attainment of intermediate development outcomes (IDOs) covering income, nutrition, productivity/yield, environment, gender and innovation targets. In this way, Humidtropics will serve as a model to other agencies seeking to link agricultural systems research to developmental impact."},{"index":4,"size":77,"text":"The program is being implemented by a partnership comprising the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) as the lead organization, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the International Potato Centre (CIP), Bioversity International, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) and Wageningen University (Wageningen UR)."},{"index":5,"size":7,"text":"The program is designed to focus on:"},{"index":6,"size":34,"text":"• Reducing rural poverty. Agricultural growth through improved productivity, market development, and income generation has been shown to be a particularly effective contributor to reducing poverty, especially in the initial stages of economic development."},{"index":7,"size":36,"text":"• Increasing food security. Access to affordable food is a problem for millions of poor in urban and rural communities and requires increasing global supply of key staples and reducing potential price increases and price volatility."},{"index":8,"size":35,"text":"• Improving nutrition and health. Poor populations spend most of their income on food and suffer from diets that are insufficient in proteins, vitamins and minerals affecting health and development, particularly among women and children."},{"index":9,"size":30,"text":"• Sustainable management of natural resources. Agriculture has a substantial impact on natural resources that must be better managed to supply sustainable ecosystem services, particularly in light of climate change."},{"index":10,"size":65,"text":"The situation analysis (SA) is conducted by the Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) and HEDBEZ Business and Consultancy PLC in order to describe a broad picture of the agricultural, livelihood, and environmental systems in Ethiopia in general and the Action Area, in particular. It aims to assist determination of the main opportunities and constraints faced by these systems and generate a list of priority interventions."},{"index":11,"size":8,"text":"The two primary objectives of the SA are:"},{"index":12,"size":59,"text":"• Broadly characterize key elements of the rural system (development status, production systems, markets and other institutions, and Natural Resource Management (NRM) issues) of relevance to Humidtropics within the target Action Site, and through that, generate information to inform all other program activities in the context of attaining the IDOs, as well as to inform ongoing field site selection."},{"index":13,"size":29,"text":"• Initiate and facilitate engagement with stakeholders and partners as part of the R4D platform development that is needed for the long-term success and scalability of the Humidtropics program."}]},{"head":"Methodology","index":3,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":97,"text":"The SA is mainly based on review of the available secondary sources. Accordingly, the major source of data included the Central Statistical Agency which provided the bulk of the time series data on land use, crop and livestock production, agricultural input use, agricultural products utilization, health and nutrition (Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey), employment, population, livelihood and access to services. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development is also a major source of data on economic growth and national income. The Ethiopian Customs and Revenue Authority is a major source of import and export quantity and revenue."},{"index":2,"size":96,"text":"Different Bureaus of Oromia provided regional and zonal data relevant for the assessment. West Shewa and East Wollega zones provided zone specific data. Moreover, community level data were collected using key informant interview with experts working with farmers in Jeldu and Diga districts, located in West Shewa and East Wollega, respectively. Furthermore, research reports relevant for the study were reviewed and used to describe the production system, biodiversity, natural resources management, market, investment, programs implemented in the region and stakeholders. Challenges and opportunities were drawn from review as well as the analysis of the secondary data."}]},{"head":"Development overview","index":4,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":37,"text":"This section presents a general overview of the socio-economic characteristics, rural development, livelihood, natural environment of the area, infrastructure, ethnic/cultural diversity, policy environment, the institutional contexts and the general stakeholder and partner landscape in the project area."},{"index":2,"size":52,"text":"The section aims to contribute to the development of the intermediate development outcome one (IDO 1): 'Increased and more equitable income from agriculture for rural poor farm families, with special focus on rural women' and also IDO 5: 'Empowered women and youth with better control over and benefit from integrated production systems'."}]},{"head":"Socio-economic characteristics","index":5,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":120,"text":"General Ethiopia, located in the northeastern part of Africa, also known as the Horn of Africa, lies between 3 and 15 degrees north latitude and 33 and 48 degrees east longitude. The total area of the country is around 1.1 million square kilometers. As of 2007, Ethiopia's population has been growing at a rate of 2.6 percent per annum (CSA 2007) which makes the estimated total population of the country 88.4 million by 2015. This rapid population growth can be an opportunity for the country's growth or threat to its development by contributing to natural resources degradation by expanding farmland to marginal areas. It may also exacerbate critical gaps in basic health services, and food and nutrition insecurity (MOH 2008)."},{"index":2,"size":48,"text":"Agriculture is the major sector of the Ethiopian economy. It is also the major source of livelihood of more than 85% of the population and major source of export earnings. Hence, development policies and strategies of the country put agriculture as a source of transformation of the economy."},{"index":3,"size":39,"text":"Western Oromia, the project area, lies in humid tropical rainforest area with high rainfall and conducive environment for crop and livestock production. This section describes the overview of the country context, regional (Oromia) and project area (western Oromia) contexts."}]},{"head":"Population","index":6,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":66,"text":"Ethiopia is a populous nation with more than 81 million in 2011 of which 37.4% live in Oromia national regional state (Table 1). The sex ratio of the population is almost balanced (49.56% female). There are more than 16 million households in Ethiopia with an average household size of five persons. Approximately 25.26% in Ethiopia and 22.69% of the households in Oromia region are female headed."},{"index":2,"size":43,"text":"According to the population projection by CSA, the population of the project area reached 13 million in 2013 which is an increase by 19% from the population in 2007. The sex ratio of the population is nearly proportional (Table 1 and Figure 1).   "}]},{"head":"Distribution of population by age group","index":7,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":82,"text":"Approximately 48% of the population of the project site is below 15 years while about 3% is elderly of more than 64 years. This implies that about 51% of the population in the project area is dependent on the labour force for substance and other means of living. In the area, children aged 15-18 also participate in farm activities including herding and hence considered as part of the active labour force which falls in the age range of 15-64 years (Figure 2). "}]},{"head":"Average holding sizes","index":8,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":114,"text":"According to the CSA data, the land holding in Ethiopia averages around 1.2 ha per household in 2013. This average is about 1.6 ha in Oromia and 1.9 ha in the project area. The data from Oromia Agriculture Bureau also estimates the average land holding in western Oromia at 1.7 ha indicating that the farmers in the project area are endowed with relatively larger land holding as compared to the farmers in other parts of Oromia. The trend analysis also shows that farm land holding expanded to unused areas resulting in increased land holding in the project area (Figure 3). This has implication on natural resources degradation unless appropriate land management system is practiced."},{"index":2,"size":8,"text":"Figure 3: Average area per household (in ha)."},{"index":3,"size":3,"text":"Source: CSA (2013)."}]},{"head":"Education","index":9,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":81,"text":"Literacy: The literacy and numeracy rate for population aged 10 years and above is shown in Table 2. Study conducted in 2011 shows that, 46.8% of the population of Ethiopia was literate with a large discrepancy between rural and urban residents. Literacy rate in urban areas is about twice that of rural areas (78.0% in urban against 39.5% in rural). This variation might be considered as a clue to difference in accessibility of schools between urban and rural areas and affordability."},{"index":2,"size":121,"text":"There was a clear difference in the literacy rate between male and female population in both urban and rural areas. Literacy rate among male population (56.3%) is found to be higher than that of female population (37.8%). This discrepancy exists in both rural and urban areas. Literacy rate among male population (49.4%) was two times higher than for the female populations in the rural areas (29.8%) while it was about 87.8% and 69.6% for male and female population respectively, in urban areas (Table 2). Education level: From among the literate, the majority (47%) in Ethiopia and 51% in Oromia attended only primary school grades one-four, while the remaining second largest proportion (33%) in Ethiopia and Oromia completed grades five-eight (Table 3). "}]},{"head":"Rural development and livelihood patterns and recent trends","index":10,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Livelihoods","index":11,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":152,"text":"The livelihood of the Ethiopian population is highly diversified. Agriculture (crop and livestock production) provides a major source of livelihood where 33.3% of the households in Ethiopia and 37.5% in Oromia (urban and rural) cover their consumption needs from agriculture. Income generated from activities which might have negative impact on climate and natural resources (such as sales of firewood and forest products) was source of livelihood for about 20% or households in Ethiopia and 18% of HHs in Oromia. For those involved, paid employment generates relatively good amount of income for the household. Table 1 summarizes the average income generated from different sources of livelihood and the proportion of households involved. Household consumption expenditure survey conducted by CSA (2011) shows that the household expenditure has increased significantly since 2006 and reached more than ETB 564,000 in 2011 (Figure 4a). Details of source of livelihood of the households are given in Annex 1a."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Figure 4a: Trend in consumption expenditure (national)."}]},{"head":"Asset holding","index":12,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":105,"text":"The major assets owned in rural and urban Ethiopia in general and in the project area in particular are productive assets like livestock; perennial crops like trees; coffee, khat, enset, etc.; equipment, furniture, transport facilities and jewels. The proportion of people owning the most commonly owned assets in Ethiopia and Oromia is shown in Table 5 while the list of assets which are owned by smaller proportion of people is given in Annex 1b. Asset ownership is inversely related to level of poverty. Such an association could not be assessed due to lack of data on the value of assets owned. Income levels and trends"},{"index":2,"size":141,"text":"The Ethiopian economy generated about ETB 510 billion GDP in 2011 (Figure 4). It showed an average annual growth of 8.8% between 1999 and 2011. Agriculture remained to be the dominant sector contributing more than 50% of the GDP until 2006. Since 2006, the gap between agriculture and services' contribution to GDP continued to narrow until it was balanced in 2010. In 2011, the service sector started to become dominant contributor to GDP (Figure 5).   1999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011 Agriculure 102.1 111.9 109.8 98.3 115.0 130.5 144.8 158.5 170.3 181.2 195.0 212.6 Agriculure 102.1 111.9 109.8 98.3 115.0 130.5 144.8 158.5 170.3 181.2 195.0 212.6    6). The increment was exponential in terms of local currency partly due to devaluation of ETB. Even at a constant exchange rate (considering the 1999 exchange rate as constant), the per capita income has shown significant increase since 2004. "}]},{"head":"Note: ET is for Ethiopia; OR is for Oromia","index":13,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":75,"text":"There is significant income difference between the per capita income at national level and per capita income of Oromia regional state. The difference in per capita income (at 1999 exchange rate) ranges from 4% in 2001 to 71% in 2009 and averaged at about 36% per annum, showing that the level of income in Oromia is generally low and this amount falls below the money required for minimum subsistence of USD 1.25/ person per day."}]},{"head":"Poverty levels and trends","index":14,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":514,"text":"The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED 2012) measured poverty using two parameters: income poverty and food poverty. Total poverty compares the per capita income to total poverty line which was ETB 1075 in 1995/96 and ETB 3781/person per year in 2010/11. The food poverty is part of total poverty line which compares real consumption expenditure value to the food poverty line which is measured as income needed to purchase basket of food enough to consume 2,200 kcal/ person per day for a year. The food poverty line was ETB 648 in 1995/96 and ETB 1985in 2010/11. According to MoFED (2012) approximately 29.6% of the population was poor in the sense that they were not able to generate ETB 3781 per capita which was a poverty line during 2010/11. The proportion of the population falling below the poverty line was higher (30.4%) in the rural area as compared to 25.7% in the urban area. Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient was 0.37 in urban and 0.27 in rural showing higher income inequality in urban area than in rural in 2010/11. The study also shows that the level of total poverty and food poverty is slightly lower in Oromia (Table 6). Analysis of poverty in Ethiopia shows that total poverty and food poverty declined overtime. The proportion of people living below the total poverty line in Ethiopia declined from 45.5% in 1995/96 to 27.8% in 2011/12, while poverty in the rural areas was higher than that of the urban areas (Table 7). The number of people living below the total poverty line (measured by poverty incidence), the distance from the poverty line (measured by poverty gap) and the level of inequality among the poor (measured by poverty severity) declined by 34.9%, 39.5%, and 39.2%, respectively. There is a general decline in total poverty in urban and rural Ethiopia. Although the proportion of people below absolute poverty line in rural Ethiopia is higher than that of the urban, the gap in the difference is being narrowed during the last five years (Figure 7). There is also a general decline in food poverty in both urban and rural Ethiopia and Oromia. The proportion of people below food poverty line in Ethiopia decreased from 49.5% in 1995/96 to 33.6% in 2010/11. In Oromia, the figure decreased from 41.9% in 1995/96 to 33.1% in 2010/11 (Table 8). In general, Oromia showed less intensity in food poverty as compared to national figure due to its potential responsiveness to development efforts. The government of Ethiopia implements different rural and urban development policies. These policies affect income and poverty as well as food access. Increase in price of food especially in 1999/2000 negatively affected urban food poverty resulting in increase in the proportion of urban population falling below food poverty line. Unemployment also plays similar role. The recent urban development efforts such as organizing the youth into small and micro-enterprises and food price stability contributed to decline in food poverty. Although food poverty has declined, the urban poverty has shown faster decline as compared to rural poverty (Figure 8). "}]},{"head":"Food security","index":15,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":111,"text":"Food security is assessed in two ways: number of months of food security as perceived by the respondents and food balance sheet. Table 9 shows that about 52% of the food insecure households in Ethiopia faced food gaps for less than 4 months in 2014 while this proportion was about 50% in the project area. In 2004, the proportion of food insecure households was 31.1% in Ethiopia, 36.3% in Oromia and 27.4% in the project area. In 2011, the proportion of food insecure households declined to 21.2% in Ethiopia and 16.4% in Oromia. The proportion of households facing food gap was higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. "}]},{"head":"Food balance sheet","index":16,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":117,"text":"Food balance sheet was computed by comparing national food supply and food utilization using statistical data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2011. The domestic food supply was computed by aggregating food production, import, stock available and deducting export. Food utilization aggregates food consumption, food used for processing, livestock feed, seed, waste and other uses. If the balance is negative, then there was food deficit. Table 10 summarizes the supply and utilization of major food categories while the details of the food balance sheet and nutrition intake of the country in 2011 is given in Annex 2. The data shows that there was 11,000 metric tonnes of food deficiency in 2011. "}]},{"head":"Health and nutrition status","index":17,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":65,"text":"The nutritional status of calorie intake per person per day was computed by FAO using the national food balance and the population. Table 11 shows the average per capita calorie, protein and fat intake per day. The calorie intake shows an average deficiency of 95 kcal/ day per person. The constituents of nutrition intake based on national food balance sheet are given in Annex 2. "}]},{"head":"Nutrition status of men and women","index":18,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":151,"text":"According to the welfare monitoring survey (MoFED 2011), 67% of Ethiopian women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years of age) have a normal nutritional status with body mass index (BMI) ranging between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 , while 27% of women (9% moderately/severely and 18% mildly) are thin or undernourished with a BMI less than 18.5 kg/m 2 and 6% are overweight or obese with a BMI 25 kg/m 2 or above. Similarly, 60% of men have normal nutrition status, 37% are thin and 3% are overweight (Figure 9). The situation of women of reproductive age group in Oromia is similar to the national context (Figure 10). There exist some differences between the urban and rural women in their nutritional status where about 30% of rural women and 20% of urban women are thin while about 15% of urban women and 2.6% of rural women are overweight (Annex 3).  "}]},{"head":"Feeding practices of children under five years of age","index":19,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":110,"text":"Early initiation of breastfeeding is important for both the mother and the child. Early suckling stimulates the release of prolactin, which helps in the production of milk, and oxytocin, which is responsible for the ejection of milk and stimulates the contraction of the uterus after childbirth. The first liquid to come from the breast, known as colostrum, is produced in the first few days after delivery and provides natural immunity to the infant. It is recommended by WHO and UNICEF that children should be fed colostrum immediately after birth and continue to be exclusively breastfed up to six months even if the regular breast milk has not yet let down."},{"index":2,"size":243,"text":"The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) in 2011 shows that 97.5% (95.2% urban and 97.8% rural) of children are breastfed for some period of time, of which 51.5% children started breast feeding immediately after birth within an hour as it is recommended (Table 12). UNICEF and WHO recommend that children be exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months of life and that children be given solid or semi-solid complementary food in addition to continued breastfeeding from age 6 months until 24 months or more, when the child is fully weaned. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended because breast milk is uncontaminated and contains all the nutrients necessary in the first few months of life. In addition, the mother's antibodies in breast milk provide the infant with immunity to disease. As it is shown in Figure 11, only 52% of the children were exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of their age. Early supplementation is discouraged for several reasons. First, it exposes infants to pathogens and thus increases their risk of infection, especially by diarrheal disease. Second, it decreases infants' intake of breast milk and therefore suckling, which in turn reduces breast milk production. Third, in low resource settings, supplementary food is often nutritionally inferior. Appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices include timely initiation of feeding of solid and semi-solid foods from age of 6 months and improving the quality of foods consumed as the child gets older, while maintaining breastfeeding (WHO 2008)."},{"index":3,"size":127,"text":"WHO has established guidelines with respect to IYCF practices for children of age 6-23 months. Breastfeed children of 6-23 months should receive animal-source foods and vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables daily (PAHO/WHO 2003). Since first foods almost universally include a grain-or tuber-based staple, it is unlikely that young children who eat two or fewer food groups will receive both an animal-source food and a vitamin A-rich fruit or vegetable. Therefore, four food groups are considered the minimum acceptable number of food groups for breastfed infants (Arimond and Ruel 2003). Breastfed infants of 6-8 months should be fed meals of complementary foods two-three times per day, with one-two snacks as desired; breastfed children 9-23 months should be fed meals three-four times per day, with one-two snacks (WHO 2008)."},{"index":4,"size":4,"text":"Definition of food groups:"},{"index":5,"size":11,"text":"• infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt;"},{"index":6,"size":16,"text":"• foods made from grains, roots, and tubers, including porridge and fortified baby food from grains;"},{"index":7,"size":6,"text":"• vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables;"},{"index":8,"size":5,"text":"• other fruits and vegetables;"},{"index":9,"size":2,"text":"• eggs;"},{"index":10,"size":8,"text":"• meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, and organ meats;"},{"index":11,"size":4,"text":"• legumes and nuts."},{"index":12,"size":97,"text":"Non-breastfed children of 6-23 months should receive milk products at least twice a day to ensure that their calcium needs are met. In addition, they need animal-source foods and vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables. Therefore, for non-breastfed young children, four food groups are considered the minimum acceptable number. Non-breastfed children should be fed meals four-five times per day, with one-two snacks as desired (WHO 2005). Meal frequency is considered a proxy for energy intake from foods other than breast milk. Therefore, for non-breastfed children feeding frequency indicators include both milk and solid or semi-solid foods (WHO 2008)."},{"index":13,"size":113,"text":"EDHS (2011) survey shows that only 4.8% of youngest children of 6-23 months living were fed in accordance with IYCF practices (Table 13). More than 96% received breast milk or milk products during the 24-hour period before the survey, and almost half of the children (49%) were fed at least the minimum number of times. Five per cent of children were fed according to minimum standards with respect to food diversity (four or more food groups). Older children and children in urban areas were more likely to be fed according to the IYCF practices than younger children or rural children (Annex 4 for detailed results). Nutrition status of children-under-five (stunting, wasting and underweight)"},{"index":14,"size":68,"text":"The three commonly used anthropometric indices (stunting, wasting and underweight) are expressed as standard deviation (SD) units from the median for the reference group. Children who fall below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the reference population are regarded as moderately malnourished, while those who fall below minus three standard deviations (-3 SD) from the median of the reference population are considered severely malnourished."},{"index":15,"size":97,"text":"• The height-for-age index provides an indicator of linear growth retardation and cumulative growth deficits in children. Children whose height-for-age Z-score is below -2 SD from the median of the WHO reference population are considered short for their age (stunted), or chronically malnourished. Children who are below -3 SD are considered severely stunted. Stunting reflects failure to receive adequate nutrition over a long period of time and is affected by recurrent and chronic illness. Height-for-age, therefore, represents the long-term effects of malnutrition in a population and is not sensitive to recent, and/or short-term changes in dietary intake."},{"index":16,"size":32,"text":"• The weight-for-height index measures body mass in relation to body height or length; it describes current nutritional status. Children with Z-scores below -2 SD are considered thin (wasted) or acutely malnourished."},{"index":17,"size":117,"text":"Wasting represents the failure to receive adequate nutrition in the period immediately preceding the survey and may be the result of inadequate food intake or a recent episode of illness causing loss of weight and the onset of malnutrition. Children with a weight-for-height index below -3 SD are considered severely wasted. The weightfor-height index also provides data on overweight and obesity. Children with more than +2 SD from the median weight-for-height are considered overweight, or obese.   Similar findings were reported for Oromia region where there was a significant improvement in underweight children and some improvement in stunting children in the past eleven years. But almost similar results were observed on the proportion of wasting children (Figure 13). "}]},{"head":"Micronutrient intake:","index":20,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":138,"text":"Micronutrient deficiency is a major contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality. Children can receive micronutrients from foods, food fortification, and direct supplementation. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system that plays an important role in maintaining the epithelial tissue in the body. Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause eye damage. VAD can also increase the severity of infections such as measles and diarrheal diseases in children and slow recovery from illness. Vitamin A is found in breast milk, other milks, liver, eggs, fish, butter, red palm oil, mango, papaya, carrot, pumpkin, and dark green leafy vegetables. The liver can store an adequate amount of the vitamin for four to six months. Periodic dosing (usually every six months) of vitamin A supplements is one method of ensuring that children at risk do not develop VAD."},{"index":2,"size":63,"text":"According to the findings of EDHS (2011), more than half of the children of age 6-59 months (53%) received vitamin A supplements. Children in urban areas are slightly more likely to have received vitamin A supplements (57%) than those in rural areas (53%). Similarly, at the regional level (Oromia) the proportion of children (6-59 months) that received vitamin A supplements were about 49%."},{"index":3,"size":49,"text":"Iron supplementation coverage is generally low in Ethiopia. Only 6% of the children aged 6-59 months were given iron supplements in the seven days preceding the survey. Rural children were twice as likely as urban children to have received iron supplements during the same period (6% compared with 3%)."},{"index":4,"size":105,"text":"Ninety-four per cent of households reported that they consumed salt at the time of the interview and only 15% of these households used iodized salt. Urban households are more likely to consume iodized salt (23%) than rural households (13%). In Oromia region about 18% of the households consumed iodized salts.  under-five mortality, neonatal mortality and postnatal mortality rates during 2000 and 2011 were higher than the national rates. Likewise, child mortality and infant mortality rates were higher than the national at all survey times (2000 005 and 2011). However, the trends show that there are remarkable improvements (i.e. decline in mortality) over time (Figure 16). "}]},{"head":"Leading causes of mortality","index":21,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":37,"text":"According to the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) report, in 2005 EFY (2012/13) pneumonia (accounts for 18 % of the total deaths), AIDS (14%), and tuberculosis (all forms 10.4%) were the leading causes of mortality (Figure 17). "}]},{"head":"Access to maternal health services","index":22,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":35,"text":"All women should have access to most important maternal health services like delivery assisted by skilled health personnel, antenatal and postnatal cares during pregnancy and childbirth to ensure prevention, early detection and management of complications."},{"index":2,"size":16,"text":"Delivery assistance by properly trained health personnel with adequate equipment is key to reducing maternal deaths."},{"index":3,"size":114,"text":"It is the single most important proved intervention that plays a great role in reducing the maternal mortality rate and is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicators to track national effort towards safe motherhood. In addition, the proportion of births attended by skilled personnel at the given facility is a measure of the health system's function, accessibility, and quality of care. 'Skilled attendant at birth' has been proposed as an intermediary, process or proxy indicator for monitoring progress towards the reduction of maternal mortality, which is highly correlated with maternal mortality levels. However, only 11.6% (for national) and 8.5% (for Oromia region) of women gave birth with the assistance of skilled personnel."},{"index":4,"size":114,"text":"Antenatal care coverage is also an indicator of access and use of health care during pregnancy. The antenatal period presents opportunities for reaching pregnant women with interventions that may be vital to their health and wellbeing and to their infants. Receiving antenatal care at least four times increases the likelihood of receiving effective maternal health interventions during antenatal visits. This is also one of the MDG indicators. In recent years, access to antenatal care services has been improved and thus most of pregnant women getting the services. For instance, in the year 2012/13 about 97% (both national and Oromia region) of pregnant women has got antenatal services at least one time during their pregnancy."},{"index":5,"size":83,"text":"Postnatal care service is also one of the important maternal health services targeted to give care for the mothers and the newborns during the post-partum period (within the first 42 days after delivery). In the year 2012/13, only 23% (national) and 21% (Oromia) of mothers who gave births were visited at least once within 42 days after their birth. This shows the utilization (accessibility and acceptability) of postnatal care service and the health seeking behaviour of Ethiopian mothers is very poor (Figure 18). "}]},{"head":"Employment","index":23,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":300,"text":"The Ethiopian active labour force engages in different means of livelihood. Agriculture provides major employment opportunity both in urban and rural areas. The labour force survey conducted by CSA shows that 76.2% of the population (aged above 10 years) were employed during 2013 (55.5% in urban and 81.6% in rural). If the age category increases, the employment rate will rise. The rate of employment is relatively high in Oromia (Table 14). In Ethiopia in general as well as in Oromia, more men are employed than the women. According to CSA (2013), urban unemployment in Ethiopia in 2013 was 10.5% for male and 23% for female active labour force (Table 15). Urban unemployment is higher than rural unemployment due to the fact that agriculture absorbs the labour force more in rural area than in urban environment. Assessment of paid employment shows that the agricultural sector is the major source of employment where about 4% of the urban and 42% of the rural paid labour during 2013 was in agriculture (Table 16). Compared to national statistics, agriculture in Oromia provides employment to a higher proportion of paid workers. Education and construction sectors are the second and third major sources of paid work, respectively, both in Ethiopia and Oromia. Table 18 displays the proportion of paid employment in 2013. As shown in Table 17, about 28% of the employees in Ethiopia and 31% of employees in Oromia earn less than ETB 500 per month. The proportion reaches 42% in the rural area. The next largest proportion of employees also earn between ETB 500 and 1000 per month. This means, 68% of employees in the rural area and 44% in the urban area earn less than ETB 1001 per month. This low pay rate is one of the causes of poverty and food insecurity. "}]},{"head":"Labour use in agriculture","index":24,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":72,"text":"Smallholder farmers use labour from different sources in agriculture, while commercial farms employ the whole labour force needed for farming. The major source of labour for smallholder farmer is the family labour. Wage workers and exchange labour also provide labour. Exchange labour helps to overcome peak labour requirement of the households by distributing the family labour over time since the household works for the work done by friends or other fellow farmers."}]},{"head":"Levels and recent trends in private investment in agriculture","index":25,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":64,"text":"The government of Ethiopia encourages investment in agriculture. In the project area, investors received certificate to invest in coffee production, crop production (cereals, oil crops, fruits and vegetables production, floriculture, dairy farms, cattle fattening). During the last five years, 122 private investors received license of investment in the project area. The distribution of the investment during the respective years is shown in Figure 19. "}]},{"head":"Natural environment of the area","index":26,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":57,"text":"Agro-ecology/climate Oromia National Regional State occupies central part of Ethiopia. It extends from 34 0 07' 37''E to 42 0 58' 51''E longitude and 03 0 24' 20\" to 10 0 23' 26\"N latitude. It shares international borderlines with Sudan and Kenya, and regional borderlines with Afar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumuz, Somali, SNNPR and Gambella National Regional States."},{"index":2,"size":53,"text":"The project area that occupies the western and some part of central portion of Oromia extends from 07 0 13' 17\" to 10 0 23' 26\"N latitude and 34 0 07' 37\" to 41 0 34' 55\" E longitudes. This area is located in the wettest tropical, sub tropical and temperate climatic zone."},{"index":3,"size":132,"text":"West Oromia is served by major rivers like Abay in the north and Ghibe River in the east, Gojeb and Baro Rivers in the south. It covers an area of about 101,355 km 2 accounting for about 27.9% of the Oromia's land surface. It comprises Kelem Wellaga, East Wellaga, West Wellaga, Horo Guduru, Jimma, Ilubabor, West Shewa and South West Shewa zones. West Oromia is characterized by highlands, mid-highland and lowlands. The area ranges in elevation from less than 500m at the Sudan border to over 3500m. The highland plateaus mainly embrace the Jimma-Ilubabor highlands, the Guduru highland of East Wellaga, the Welel highlands of West Wellaga, and Shewa highlands of central Oromia while the lowlands include the Abay gorge, the Baro, Ghibe, Didessa lowlands and the lowlands bordering the South Sudan."},{"index":4,"size":185,"text":"As it is indicated in the Figure 20, the high plateau, which is found over 2500m of elevation, covers about 6% of the total area of the project area. Areas that are found between 1500 and 2500 masl (metre above sea level) (are called mid highland), including low plateaus account for about 70% of the total project area whereas, the lowlands cover about 23.6% of the total area and ranges in elevation from less than 500 to 1500 masl. There is also a very small desert area which is found in Kellem Wellaga zone nearby Sudan border accounting for about 0.3% of the project area. Generally, these varied topographic features are the cause of climatic variation in the area and they are the base for rich plant genetic resources and diverse agricultural products of the project site. Traditionally, climatic conditions are also classified as Dega (elevation higher than 2500m), Woina Dega (1500-2500m) and Kola (from less than 500 to 1500 masl). As it is shown in Figure 21, the major part of western Oromia is found in the Woina Dega and Kola agro climatic zones. "}]},{"head":"Temperature and rainfall","index":27,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":182,"text":"The temperature of the area varies from 15 0 C in the highlands of Guduru, Gecha and Shewa highlands to more than 25 0 C lowland areas. As about 94% of the project area is found in the tropics, the daily range of temperature is high, while annual range is small. The solar radiation is intense. In both highlands and lowlands, day temperature is high, while night temperature is low. Most of project areas (70%) fall under temperate thermal zone (15-20 o C) which has an altitude of 1500-2500 masl. The areas falling in the altitude of 500-1500 masl fall under warm temperate thermal zone, with mean annual temperature of 20-25 o C. The extreme portions of Kelem Wellaga, which are below 500 masl have a mean annual temperature of above 25 0 C being characterized as hot areas while the high mountain ranges of Guduru, Welel, Ilubabor, Jimma and Shewa fall in cool temperate temperature zone (10-16 0 C). In general, over 76% of the project area falls under a temperate thermal zone that has a moderate temperature (10-12 0 C)."},{"index":2,"size":113,"text":"However, even though the sun rays are high in the tropics, there is a slight temperature difference in different seasons. In summer (June-September) there is high humidity and high cloud cover, which reduces the mean seasonal temperature (10-15 0 C). This is a period of high rainy season. In western Oromia, except the valley of Dabus, Baro, Abay, Didessa and some associated lowlands of the project area (which experience a mean temperature of above 25 o C), the rest areas of the sub region(western Oromia) have a mean seasonal temperature range of 15-20 0 C while West Shewa and Southwest Shewa have low mean seasonal temperature of 10-15 0 C during this period."},{"index":3,"size":55,"text":"In winter (October-January) the angle of the sun rays is low due to apparent shift of the sun to the south hemisphere and most part of the project area experiences a mean seasonal temperature of less than 20 0 C. The map of western Oromia (Figure 22) shows the temperature range during the different seasons."}]},{"head":"Rainfall:","index":28,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":149,"text":"The mean annual rainfall gradually decreases towards northeast and west. The project area in general and West Oromia in particular is a region of heaviest rainfall in Ethiopia. It is the wettest part of Oromia, where the mean annual rainfall ranges between 800 and 2000mm. The spatial variation in the mean annual rainfall distribution in area is determined by the direction of moisture bearing winds and elevation. The amount of rainfall decreases in all directions from the highlands of Ilubabor towards the highlands of other zones of the project area. However, the highlands of Ilubabor, Jimma, East Wellaga and West Wellaga experience mean annual rainfall of over 2000mm. The amount of rainfall also varies from season to season with long and heavy rain in summer and short and moderate rains in winter.  In summer (June -September) most of the project area experiences the maximum rainfall of more than 1600mm."},{"index":2,"size":151,"text":"In this period, Didessaa and Fincha'a plains receive a seasonal rainfall of 400-800mm and high plateaus of West and East Wellaga and West and Southwest Shewa zones experience a mean seasonal rainfall of over 1200mm. In winter (October -January) most of the project area receive mean seasonal rainfall of less than 400mm. The mean annual rainfall also falls below 150mm in some areas like Abay gorge, lower Dabus and Didessa rivers. Moreover, in spring (March, April and May) the project area receives moderate rain that ranges from 200mm to 600mm. In this period, highlands of Gera, Sigmo, Satema, Gomma, southwestern Jimma and Seka Chokorsa receive over 600mm of mean seasonal rainfall and the highland of Ilubabor, Kelem Wellaga, West Shewa, Southwest Shewa and larger portion of Jimma get rainfall of 400-600mm. The rainfall in the lowlands of the project range between 200-400mm. Figure 23 shows the rainfall patterns in western Oromia."}]},{"head":"Major landforms, drainage and watersheds","index":29,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":121,"text":"West Oromia can be sub-divided into three main catchment areas. These are, the Abay catchment (36,651 km 2 ) covers about 46% of the total area of the project site, the Baro catchment area (25,414 km 2 ) covers about 2.1% of the total area and the Baro catchment area (25,414 km 2 ) covers about 22.1% of the total area. The flow of the rivers in west Oromia is affcted by its geographic settings: Abay drains northwesterly direction, Ghibe drains in south, while Baro drains in southwestern direction. Again, west Oromia can be sub-divided into a number of small river basins, from which the Didessa basin is the biggest (15.4%), followed by Baro basin (14.0%) and while Guder basin (1.5%)."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"Figure 24 shows the maps of major rivers in the area."},{"index":3,"size":13,"text":"Figure 24: Rivers and basins western Oromia (excluding west and southwest Shewa zones)."},{"index":4,"size":6,"text":"Source: BoFED (2013), West Oromia Atlas."}]},{"head":"Major land use:","index":30,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":89,"text":"The term 'land use' implies the way the people allocate the land for their satisfaction of needs. Farming, grazing, national parks and sanctuaries, construction spaces, etc. are some of the major examples of land uses. According to the report of BoFED (2013) the project site has an area of 101,355 km 2 . This land is identified as cultivated land (29.6%) and 55.4% of the area is covered by forest, shrubs, grasses, swamp, water and rocks. The remaining proportion is being used for different purposes (residential areas, roads, etc.)."}]},{"head":"Soils","index":31,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":175,"text":"Soils vary from locality to locality as different soil types are formed basically based on parent materials, climate, vegetation, altitude, latitude and interaction among these factors. There are about 10 major soil types in West Oromia as shown in Figure 25. The major type of the soil in the area is Dystric Nitosols, which accounts for 60% of the soils. This soil type has uniform profile and stable structure as well as deep rooting volume. Moisture storage capacity of these soils is high since it is porous, have low base saturation and available P contents. The second common soil type is Orthic Acrisols which accounts for 13.5% of the soils. They have limited agricultural potential, because these soils found mainly on sloppy terrain, their chemical content is poor, pH is less than 5.5 and P contents are very low. Dystric Cambisols accounts for 6.5% of the soil, which the third common soil type in the area. These soils have low agricultural value and found on sloppy area that has shallow and stones or rock outcrops."},{"index":2,"size":10,"text":"Figure 25: Percentage of soils in western Oromia-the project area.  "}]},{"head":"Infrastructure Health facilities","index":32,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":150,"text":"Potential health coverage can be estimated through the expected catchment populations to be served by type of health facilities. For example, one specialized referral hospital is expected to serve five million people, one regional hospital for one million people, one zonal/district hospital is expected to serve up to 250,000 people, one health centre for 25,000 persons and one health post for 5000 people. This is a bit theoretical and does not take account of geographic barriers. Taking geographical factors in to consideration to estimate the proximity of villages to health facility is complex. Hence, it has been taken as a standard to estimate the potential health coverage of a certain locality by using functional health facility to population ratio along with geographical proximity through either 10 km radius or two hours walking distance needed to reach the health facility. Proximity is an important proxy indicator of equity in service access."},{"index":2,"size":231,"text":"According to the MoH (2012), facility to population ratio was established (nationally) as follows: one hospital for 675,031 people, one health centre for 26,416 people and one health post for 5342 which are served beyond the expected numbers. Moreover, in Oromia region and in the project areas, all types of the health facilities are serving more than the standard number of people except the health posts in the project area (Table 18). This implies the need for additional health facilities expansion/construction to reach at least the minimum standard. Ethiopia developed a Primary Health Care (PHC) program to access health services near to the community through Health Extension Program (HEP) at the Primary Health Care Units (PHCU); health centres and health posts as the principal means to achieve the target of health service coverage. The program aims to reduce disparities and improve equity in access to health facilities. This will be complemented by strengthening hospitals at various levels and other complementary services through referral lineages. As the standard, there should be two Health Extension Workers (HEWs) in every health posts and one HEW is expected to serve 500 households or 2500 people. To fulfill this standard; about 34,850 HEWs are assigned to the health posts throughout the country. As it is shown in Table 19, at all levels (national, Oromia region and project area), the standard HEW to people served is achieved.   "}]},{"head":"Access to electricity","index":33,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":65,"text":"As shown in Table 20, only about 9.3% (national) and 7.6% (Oromia) of households have access to private electricity and 13.5% (national) and 11.6% (Oromia) of households have shared electricity. This makes the total households having access to electricity about 23% (national) and 19.2% (Oromia). Figure 29 shows that the project area falls in areas where about 20-40 households are served per available electric meter.  "}]},{"head":"Access to clean water","index":34,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":142,"text":"Safe water is a precondition for health and development and it is also one of the basic human rights that everybody should access. Despite continuing efforts by governments, development partners and civil societies, tenths of millions of people do not have access to safe water from improved water sources in Ethiopia. According to WHO's standard, access to water supply is estimated with either the distance to the water source within 1km radius or 20 minutes for waking to water source (single trip). As shown in Figure 30, only about 48% of the households in Ethiopia and 43% of the households in Oromia have access to drinking water supply sources within 1 km distance during dry seasons. The percentage slightly increased in the rainy season (Figure 30). In the project area, clean water stands at 54% (65% in urban and 40% in rural)."},{"index":2,"size":9,"text":"Figure 30: Proportion of population accessing drinking water (%)."}]},{"head":"Access to road and transport","index":35,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":72,"text":"Access to transportation in terms of the availability of road infrastructure and distance from residences to the roads is an important factor determining access to services like health, market, education, etc. In 2011, about 29.5% (national) and 23% (Oromia) of the people had access to all weather roads within 1km distance (Figure 31). While 36.5% (national) and about 30% (Oromia) of the people had access to dry weather roads within 1km distance."},{"index":2,"size":40,"text":"Regarding transportation facilities, about 43.4% (national) and 45.4% (Oromia) had access to public transport across residences within 5 km distance, while only 24.4% (national) and 21.3% (Oromia) had access to public transport cross country within 5 km distance (Figure 32).  "}]},{"head":"Access to market","index":36,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":219,"text":"According to the Wealth Monitoring Survey of 2011, only 15.4% of the households in Ethiopia and 15.5% in Oromia have access to food market within less than 1 km distance. About 4% of the households travel more than 20 km to reach food market while the majority travel between 1-4 km in Ethiopia as well as in Oromia (Table 21). Access to livestock market is a more serious problem in Ethiopia where fewer people have access to livestock market in less than 1 km and more people travel longer distance to reach livestock market compared to the time needed to reach food market. Figures 33 and 34 also show the map of time taken to travel to smaller towns and bigger towns. The people in the project area travel mainly 3-10 hours to reach towns. Access to source of information is also vital to get market information in the nearby market or distant markets. It appears that telephone as source of information is accessed by the majority of the households where about 46% of them (in Ethiopia) and 40% of them (in Oromia) travel only less than 1 km to reach telephone station in Ethiopia (Table 22). With expanding cell phone coverage in the country, the proportion of households accessing information could be higher than what is reported here.   "}]},{"head":"Ethnic/cultural diversity","index":37,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":99,"text":"Different ethnic groups live in Oromia in general and in the project areas. The dominant ethnic group (90%) is Oromo (Table 23). The other ethnic groups like Maho lived for long time with Oromo. The proportion of Amhara, Tigre and Gurage increased in the area due to resettlement program in western Oromia. The different ethnic groups have different cultural practices but co-exist without any significant conflict. In terms of agricultural development, settlers have better access to infrastructure and facilities like water supply, education and health since the settlement program was implemented as a package including budgets for such services."},{"index":2,"size":49,"text":"The indigenous people got access to these facilities gradually and slowly. Settlers also had good opportunity to access agricultural inputs and technologies which enabled them to increase crop and livestock production and expand their livelihood to other enterprises like fattening of livestock and commercial crop production (such as sesame)."}]},{"head":"Policy environment Rural and agricultural development policy environment","index":38,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":133,"text":"Since May 1991, starting from the Transitional Government, Ethiopia entered into a new economic system in which the new economic policy aimed at reorienting the centrally controlled economy into a free market economy. The Rural Development Policy and Strategy issued in 2002 remains a key instrument for developing a free market economy, in a way which would ensure rapid and sustainable development, extricate the nation from dependence on food aid, and make the poor the main clients of the fruits of economic growth by ensuring agriculture-led and rural-centred development. Trade and industry is expected to grow faster in alliance with agriculture and agriculture accelerates trade and industry development by supplying raw materials, creating opportunities for capital accumulation and enhancing domestic markets. The directions for agriculture and rural centred development were outlined as follows:"},{"index":2,"size":6,"text":"• Extensive utilization of human labour;"},{"index":3,"size":12,"text":"• Proper use and management of land, water and other natural resources;"},{"index":4,"size":5,"text":"• Agro-ecology based development approach;"},{"index":5,"size":5,"text":"• Integrated approach to development;"},{"index":6,"size":9,"text":"• Targeted interventions for drought-prone and food insecure areas;"},{"index":7,"size":5,"text":"• Encouraging the private sector;"},{"index":8,"size":8,"text":"• Agricultural technical vocational education and training and"},{"index":9,"size":120,"text":"The policy was set as an outward orientated strategy that was developed and directed to diversify the country's export commodities and ensure the socio-economic development. Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) strongly relies on the assumption that agriculture develops only with improvement in the productivity of peasant farmers and pastoralists, and large-scale farms, if established, particularly in the lowlands. Moreover, ADLI in agriculture is designed to contribute to the economic growth in two ways: supply side and demand side. On the supply side, it provides export products, food and industrial raw materials. While on the demand side, it aids industrial expansion by providing markets for domestically produced goods. Thus ADLI's development priorities in agriculture are to attain satisfactory growth and effectiveness."},{"index":10,"size":34,"text":"According to MoFED (1993) ADLI's agricultural development strategy is viewed in three sequential phases which are focusing on improving traditional agriculture, introducing small scale irrigation and employment of rural labour force. These phases are:"},{"index":11,"size":21,"text":"• Phase I: major improvements are needed in traditional agricultural practices in which the use of improved seeds would be crucial;"},{"index":12,"size":24,"text":"• Phase II: introduction of small-scale irrigation schemes, expansion of agricultural infrastructure and modern technological inputs, such as fertilizer, pesticides, etc. are emphasized; and"},{"index":13,"size":22,"text":"• Phase III: employment of the expanding rural labour force in non-agricultural activities, thereby increasing holding sizes for the remaining rural families."},{"index":14,"size":98,"text":"The first and the second phases of the strategy for agricultural development are expected to bring about increases in output and productivity, and it is only the third phase that is expected to ensure sustained agricultural development by addressing the problem of rural unemployment. After the first two phases of the strategies are successfully implemented, the third level will be attained i.e. when accelerated industrial growth is successfully implemented (MoFED 1993). ; and, to a lesser extent, to facilitate linkages between private investors in agriculture and smallholders. In this regard, the basic sectoral directions of the plan were:"},{"index":15,"size":9,"text":"• Enhance the capacity and extensive use of labour,"},{"index":16,"size":6,"text":"• Proper utilization of agricultural land,"},{"index":17,"size":7,"text":"• Taking different agro-ecological zones into account,"},{"index":18,"size":5,"text":"• Linking specialization with diversification,"},{"index":19,"size":9,"text":"• Integrating crop, livestock, marketing and natural resources development,"},{"index":20,"size":7,"text":"• Agricultural research, extension etc. undertakings, and"},{"index":21,"size":5,"text":"• Efficient agricultural marketing system."},{"index":22,"size":53,"text":"Currently, the government of Ethiopia is preparing the country's next five-year development plan (2015/16-2019/20), which is Growth and Transformation Plan-II (GTP-II). The areas of focus in GTP-II is expected to be similar to the former GTP (2008/10-2014/15). Hence, agriculture development partners need to align their development objectives and activities with the coming GTP-II."}]},{"head":"NRM/environmental policy and strategy","index":39,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":187,"text":"Natural resource conservation and sustainable utilization is among the top priority development agendas of the Government of Ethiopia. It is expected that, sustainable natural resource management reinforces increase in production and productivity of the agriculture sector by ensuring the opportunities to adopt sustainable land and water management systems. In this regard, conservation and utilisation of water resources got a high priority through watershed management initiatives, water harvesting, irrigation development and increased water use efficiency. In this strategy, the prevention and reversal of arable and rangeland degradation as well as rehabilitation of damaged agricultural areas and prevention of further deterioration of those areas through better soil fertility management, introduction of soil conservation measures, reforestation and appropriate conservation agriculture methods got due attention. As Land degradation impedes agricultural growth, increases poverty and vulnerability, and contributes to social tensions as well as threatening biodiversity of the country. Thus, to solve the problems the government took various actions that have been undertaken through different initiatives such as Managing Environmental Resources to Enable Transition (MERET) to more sustainable livelihoods, Productive Safety Net Programs (PSNP) and the national Sustainable Land Management Project (SLMP)."},{"index":2,"size":79,"text":"The environmental policy of Ethiopia, approved in 1997, aims at guiding sustainable social and economic development of the country through the conservation and sustainable utilization of the natural, man-made and cultural resources and the environment at large. The policy lists specific objectives encompassing wide range of environmental issues to be addressed through the adoption of the policy. It also provides overarching environmental guiding principles that should be adopted to harmonize the environmental elements in sectroral, cross-sectoral and other policies. "}]},{"head":"Food security strategy","index":40,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":57,"text":"The Government of Ethiopia has put in place policies and strategies that address both chronic and transitory food insecurity. These are the Rural Development Policy and Strategy (RDPS); the Food Security Strategy (FSS); the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) and the Pastoral Development Policy (PDP) as well as women and youth-related policies."},{"index":2,"size":179,"text":"The FSS, adopted in March 2002, is basically derived from the country's rural development policy with the aim of increasing domestic food production; ensuring access to food for food deficit households; and strengthening emergency response capabilities. The strategic document also reveals that soil, water, and vegetation are the main asset base of both the farming community and economy of the country, without which the achievement of food security is unlikely. Water and natural resource conservation based agricultural development is considered as a centrepiece of the strategy. It has also given due attention to the problems of environmental degradation, population pressure, and land shortage particularly in moisture deficit highland areas of the country. Accordingly, water harvesting, proper land utilization and environmental rehabilitation are identified as the top priority areas of intervention. These help to combat drought and famine, which are induced by negative environmental manifestations such as desertification and land degradation. The strategy apparently considers the importance of conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of natural resources as an entry point to change the existing embarrassing livelihood situation of rural household economy."},{"index":3,"size":35,"text":"Generally, the Federal Food Security Strategy revolves around three pillars: Increase supply or availability of food; Improve access/entitlement to food; and strengthening emergency response capabilities. The detailed aspects of the strategy are highlighted as follows:"},{"index":4,"size":53,"text":"• The agricultural production in mixed farming systems that aims to enhance supply or availability of food through increasing domestic food production where soil moisture availability is relatively better. It is expected that subsistence farming will be transformed into small-scale commercial agriculture through provision of household based integrated and market oriented extension packages."},{"index":5,"size":50,"text":"• In chronically food insecure areas, however, where there is severe moisture stress, soil degradation and farmland scarcity, it will be a difficult task to ensure household access to food only through own production. Thus, a set of comprehensive asset building mechanisms should be in place to augment production-based entitlement."},{"index":6,"size":54,"text":"• Pastoral communities depend on livestock for their livelihood. Increases in livestock and human population, however, put pressure on rangeland, resulting in soil erosion and deforestation. Vulnerability of pastoral communities to livelihoods shocks is increasing. In this areas, the Food Security Strategy places emphasis on livestock development, strengthening livestock marketing, agro-pastoralism and voluntary sedentarization."},{"index":7,"size":50,"text":"• As stipulated in the FSS the government planned to do everything in its capacity to promote micro and smallscale enterprises through initiating industrial extension services, development of the necessary infrastructure, encouraging competitive marketing of inputs and outputs and utilizing tax incentives for selected commodities to shift the consumption patterns."},{"index":8,"size":34,"text":"• The other focuses of the FSS is to enhance food entitlements of the most vulnerable sections of society through supplementary employment income support schemes, targeted programs for the disadvantaged groups and nutrition interventions."},{"index":9,"size":83,"text":"• Improving the emergency response capabilities in the country is also another component of the FSS. So far a range of interventions were envisaged including: strengthening the early warning system; increasing the capacity of the Ethiopian Strategic Food Reserve (ESFRA), and improving the quality of relief distributions. Continuous effort is also made to strengthen the early warning and response capacity of the Government, including through a new livelihood-based needs assessment methodology for which baselines have been prepared for the country as a whole."}]},{"head":"Investment policy of Ethiopia","index":41,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":81,"text":"According to the Ethiopian Investment guide (2012), the Government of Ethiopia has recognized the role of the private sector in the economy and revised the investment law three times for the last twenty years   • Custom duty: To encourage private investment and promote the inflow of foreign capital and technology into Ethiopia, the following customs duty exemptions are provided for investors (both domestic and foreign) engaged in eligible new enterprises or expansion projects such as agriculture, manufacturing, agro-industries, construction contracting, etc."},{"index":2,"size":30,"text":"• 100% exemption from the payment of customs duties and other taxes levied on imports is granted to all capital goods, such as plant, machinery and equipment and construction materials;"},{"index":3,"size":30,"text":"• Spare parts worth up to 15% of the total value of the imported investment capital goods, provided that the goods are also exempt from the payment of customs duties;"},{"index":4,"size":28,"text":"• An investor granted with a customs duty exemption will be allowed to import capital goods duty free any time during the operational phase of his enterprise; and"},{"index":5,"size":26,"text":"• Investment capital goods imported without the payment of custom duties and other taxes levied on imports may be transferred to another investor enjoying similar privileges."},{"index":6,"size":30,"text":"• Income tax exemption: If an investor is engaged in new manufacturing, agro-processing, the production of agricultural products and investment areas of information and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development:"},{"index":7,"size":66,"text":"• Exports 50% of his/her products or services, or supplies 75% of his/her products or services as production or service input and the exporter will be exempted from income tax for 5 years. Under special circumstances, the Board may grant income tax exemption up to 7 years and the Council of Ministers may pass a decision to grant income tax exemption for more than 7 years;"},{"index":8,"size":33,"text":"• Exports less than 50% of his/her products or services, or supplies his/her products or services only to the domestic market will be exempted from payment of income tax for 2 years; and"},{"index":9,"size":119,"text":"• Exports, through the expansion or upgrading of his/her existing enterprise, at least 50% of his/her products or services and increases, in value, his/her products or services by over 25% will be exempted from income tax for 2 years. For each case mentioned above, the length of the tax exemption period may be extended for one additional year when the investment is made in relatively under-developed regions of the country. However, investors who export hides and skins after processing below crust level are not eligible for income tax exemption. Investors who invest in priority areas (textile and garments, leather products, agro-processing, etc.) to produce mainly export products will be provided land necessary for their investment at reduced lease rates."},{"index":10,"size":26,"text":"There are also other non-fiscal incentives given to all investors/exporters to encourage them to participate and contribute for the economic development of the country. These are:"},{"index":11,"size":24,"text":"• Investors which invest to produce export products will be allowed to import machinery and equipment necessary for their investment projects through suppliers credit;"},{"index":12,"size":40,"text":"• Investors which invest in areas of agriculture, manufacturing and agro-industry will be eligible to obtain loan up to 70% of their investment capital from the Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) if their investment is sound to be feasible; and"},{"index":13,"size":30,"text":"• The government of Ethiopia will cover up to 30% of the cost of infrastructure (access road, water supply, electric and telephone lines) for investors investing in industrial zone development."},{"index":14,"size":33,"text":"• When the business enterprises suffer losses during the income tax exemption period it can carry forward such losses, following the expiry of the exemption period, for half of the tax exemption period."}]},{"head":"Market policy","index":42,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":67,"text":"Ethiopia follows a free market economic policy where demand and supply determines prices. Quota system in commodity marketing was abolished and government intervention in crop product sales abandoned. However, government controls marketing of exportable commodities like coffee and sesame through the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange system. In this case, farmers are required to sell the products in primary commodity markets and hording of, for example, coffee is illegal."},{"index":2,"size":37,"text":"The rural development policy and strategy also encourages market development, rural infrastructure development to enhance market linkage, expansion of telecommunication system to enhance market information flow, value addition to production and transformation of smallholder agriculture through commercialization."}]},{"head":"General stakeholder and partner landscape","index":43,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":58,"text":"Wider look of institutional landscape ATA is an initiative of the government of Ethiopia established in 2011 with a primary aim of promoting agricultural sector transformation by supporting the existing structures of the government, private-sector and other nongovernmental partners to address systemic bottlenecks and achieve growth and food security and contribute to the achievement of the GTP targets."},{"index":2,"size":83,"text":"Non-governmental organizations (NGO) like Netherlands Development Organization (SNV), Menschen fur Menschen, Plan International, World Vision Ethiopia, SG2000, Techno-Serve, etc. also implement rural development and livelihood improvement projects in the area. These organizations work on different programs and projects including food security, water and irrigation, NRM, marketing and value chain, capacity building, innovation and extension capacity building, creating access to finance, etc. by aliening their program interventions with government agenda and community problems. Research based projects are also implemented by CGIAR in the area."},{"index":3,"size":64,"text":"Community is also major stakeholder in planning and implementing development projects. Grassroots problem analysis, identification of development interventions is done with the community members and kebele level administration. Currently, the kebele administration is closely working with the district administration and line departments to plan and implement projects in their area. They also serve as the government wing for the realization of all government policies."},{"index":4,"size":32,"text":"In most kebeles, there are kebele development committees which involve representatives from school, health post, agricultural extension, kebele leaders and the kebele cabinets and representatives of the farmers, youth and women's association."},{"index":5,"size":74,"text":"Cooperatives and microfinance institutions are the major stakeholders providing access to credit and inputs. Oromia Credit and Saving Share Company is the major microfinance institute operating in the project area, providing credit and saving services to farmers in the rural area. Investors which are licensed to invest in agricultural development have access to bank credit. However, microfinance institutions operate in limited area and lack of access to credit is reported as a major constraint."}]},{"head":"Institutional landscape at project areas","index":44,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":56,"text":"One of the main purposes of this diagnosis was to identify stakeholders in the Woreda who are working in the areas of natural resource management, livestock and crop production. Characterizing the existing stakeholder interaction, challenges and opportunities are essential to establish IPs around important issues. The following actors and their roles were identified in Jeldu Woreda."}]},{"head":"Government line departments","index":45,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":56,"text":"The government departments include the administration offices at different levels that are responsible for administrative issues and facilitation of development initiatives to align with the government development agenda and strategies. These offices are key strategic stakeholder of projects. At Woreda level, the administration office coordinates development projects in the Woreda. Important sector offices for partnering include:"},{"index":2,"size":46,"text":"• Office of Agriculture and Rural Development: With its several departments, it provides extension services to farmers on improved crop and livestock production, as well as natural resource management. By default, it could play a crucial role in terms of facilitating a learning and practice alliance."},{"index":3,"size":43,"text":"• Cooperative Promotion Office: Working in parallel with the office of agriculture, this office identifies potential commodities/sectors for which a cooperative is feasible (in terms of income generation and market) and based on the feasibility it promotes and helps farmers to establish cooperatives."},{"index":4,"size":7,"text":"• Agricultural input and output marketing agency."},{"index":5,"size":50,"text":"• Agricultural Research Institutes: Adaptation and scaling up of improved crop varieties and livestock technologies, training and dissemination of knowledge and information for farmers and agricultural experts, and introduction of beehives. OARI (Bako and Holeta Agricultural Research Centres) and EIAR (through Holeta and Jimma Agricultural Research Centres) become important partners."},{"index":6,"size":6,"text":"• Small and micro-enterprise development agency."},{"index":7,"size":11,"text":"• Oromia Seed Enterprise-responsible for seed multiplication and seed quality testing."},{"index":8,"size":8,"text":"• Oromia Water Works Construction-for small-scale irrigation development."}]},{"head":"Private enterprises/associations","index":46,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":59,"text":"• Licensed veterinary practitioners: Although they are few in number, they supply the drugs and give treatment to livestock. Despite their importance there is a tendency to avoid travelling to lowland areas to give treatment. These businesses operate on individual interest basis, hence work needs to be done to incorporate them in the bigger circle and magnify their role."},{"index":2,"size":27,"text":"• Saving and credit institutions: Oromia Saving and Credit Share Company, Walko Saving and Credit Microfinance Institute, and Busagonofa Saving and Credit Microfinance Institute provide credit services."},{"index":3,"size":13,"text":"• Cooperatives: Marketing cooperatives provide potential for enhancing market participation for smallholder farmers."},{"index":4,"size":14,"text":"• Traders: Wholesalers and retailers are the major players for input and output marketing."},{"index":5,"size":32,"text":"• Brokers: Although not that strong in the livestock market, they sometimes play a crucial role in the market value of some livestock, according to experts from the Woreda office of agriculture."},{"index":6,"size":23,"text":"• Farmers: Play crucial role in testing improved technologies, sharing indigenous knowledge and experiences, providing feedback and facilitating farmer to farmer learning platform."}]},{"head":"NGOs","index":47,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":23,"text":"NGOs operating in the project area include the Hunger project, Hundee, Hope 2020 and could be potential partners to engage in development activities."},{"index":2,"size":7,"text":"Opportunities, risk and constraints to enhance services  "}]},{"head":"Agricultural production systems","index":48,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":55,"text":"The Intermediate Development Indicator that this section will help to address is IDO 3: 'Sustainably intensified pro-poor food systems in the humid and sub-humid tropics deliver improved farm level productivity to all farming families in equitable ways' and also IDO 5: 'Empowered women and youth with better control over and benefit from integrated production systems'."}]},{"head":"Mixed production system","index":49,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":89,"text":"The main production system in the project area is mixed production of crop and livestock. The two enterprises are mutually complementary where livestock provides traction power for land preparation, manure for soil fertilization, transport service for input and output and power for threshing of crops. Crop also provides feed for livestock. As shown in Figure 35 the climate of the study area is dominated by temperate/tropical highland and to a certain extent humid/sub-humid climate. Mixed crop and livestock production is a common feature of agricultural production in these areas."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"Figure 35: Map showing distribution of production system by altitude range."},{"index":3,"size":18,"text":"There is association between farming systems and altitude. Length of growing period determines the cropping system (Figure 36)."},{"index":4,"size":183,"text":"Table 25 displays the altitude range where major crops are associated with livestock production. Sesame is commonly grown in the low land area while barely is commonly grown in highland areas. Other crops like sorghum and maize are lowland to mid-altitude crops while wheat and teff are mid-altitude and highland crops.  Livestock of different breeds are reared in all altitudes, though goat population density is high in the low land (Figure 37) while sheep population density is high in the highland areas (Figure 38) and cattle and chicken population density is high in the mid-altitude of the project area (Figures 39 and 40).    Western Oromia, the project area is also characterized by mixed production system where perennial crops like coffee, fruit trees and forest co-exist. The trees are used as shade for crops and also for honey production. Some crops like spices are well associated with crops. Tree leaves are also used as livestock feed especially during dry seasons. Hence, there exists an integration of crops, livestock and trees which is essential for maintaining the agroecology and reduces the impact of climate change."}]},{"head":"Crop production","index":50,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":101,"text":"A variety of crops are grown in the project area. Cereal crops like maize, wheat, barely, teff, sorghum, millet, pulses, vegetables, oil crops like sesame, root crops, and fruits are commonly grown. This section describes the area allocated to the major groups of crop, production and yield. Production and yield are appropriately computed for individual crops as presented in Annex 9 and 10. Here, the data gives an overview of the relative importance of classes of crops as discussed below. Some specific data will also be presented for the most common crops in the area, namely maize, wheat, teff and sorghum."}]},{"head":"Area, output and yield","index":51,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":324,"text":"Cereal crops are allocated larger cultivated area occupying more than 70% of the area cultivated per household (Table 26). The majority of farmers (95% in Ethiopia, 98% in Oromia and 99% of the farmers in the project area) involve in the production of cereals. Pulse crops are the second important group in terms of share of land allocated (7.6% in the project area, 11% in Oromia and 13% in Ethiopia) and number of farmers producing them (56% in the project area and 59% in Ethiopia (Annex 8). Cereal crops are also major sources of food in Ethiopia in general and in the project area in particular. Table 27 shows the average quantity produced per household while Annex 9 displays the quantity of individual crops produced per household. The production of these crops only slightly increased (on average) between 2007 and 2013 (Table 28). Maize, wheat, teff and sorghum are dominant cereal crops in the project area in terms of the proportion of crop land allocation and number of farmers growing them. Thus, a closer assessment of area allocated to these crops and yield may be necessary. Table 29 summarizes the area allocated to these four major crops grown in the project area and the proportion of growers. Teff and maize lead in terms of proportion of crop land allocation while maize is the most commonly grown by the largest proportion of farmers in the region. The average yield of cereals was about 2.4 tonnes/ha in 2013 while pulses averaged at 1.7 tonnes/ha in the same period. Table 30 shows the trend of yield of groups of crops while Annex 10 shows the details of yield per ha of individual crop. Maize yield averaged at 3.53 tonne/ha in the project area which is slightly higher than the other areas in Ethiopia and Oromia and is higher yielder than the other cereals (Figures 41 and 42). Since 2008, the yield of these four crops has increased.  "}]},{"head":"Utilization of crop output","index":52,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":74,"text":"Grain is produced by smallholder farmers to meet different purposes. The major objective is meeting the consumption requirement of the household. Overall, about 61% of grain produced is consumed. Of the grain, about 65% of cereals and 66% of pulse is consumed. Figure 43 also shows that about 77% of vegetables (especially grown as garden plants) are consumed. Proportionally, oil crops are the least in terms of the proportion of production allocated for consumption."},{"index":2,"size":77,"text":"The second most important objective of crop production is sales. Food crops and cash crops are sold to generate cash needed by the household. About 48% of oil crops and 36% of perennials (especially coffee) are sold. About 16% of cereals (especially teff and wheat) and 20% of vegetables are also sold. Other purposes of crop production include production of seed for future production; livestock feed and use it to barter with labour (pay wage in kind)."},{"index":3,"size":174,"text":"The trend of agricultural inputs utilized for specific crops such as maize, wheat, teff, sorghum and vegetables also indicated in Annex from Annex 29-49. The trend of consumption and sales of crops show that the proportion of grain consumed and sold is not changed during 2007-13 indicating not much shift from subsistence to commercial farming. On average, 66% of cereals, 66% of pulses, 34% of oil crops, 79% of vegetables, 76% of root crops and 62% of perennial crops have been consumed per year (Table 31). The average proportion of crops sold ranged from 13% (root crops) to 51% (oil crops) per year (Table 32). From among the major cereals produced in the project area, maize and sorghum are the most commonly consumed (71% of the production) indicating that they are used more for consumption than the other purposes (Figure 44). On the other hand, teff is mainly produced for consumption (56% of the production). Utilization of these four major cereals in the project area has not changed since 2007 (Figure 45 and 46).  "}]},{"head":"Crop pests","index":53,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":79,"text":"The major pests and diseases affecting crop production in the project area include stalk borer, rust, termite, and Coffee Berry Disease (CBD). The other biotic and abiotic factors damaging crops and the proportion of crop damaged are listed in Table 33. It appears that 79% of the crop area was damaged by pests in 2011 where the major damage was made in vegetables field. Too much rain, frost and flood, weed and predators are major causes for the damage."},{"index":2,"size":29,"text":"There was no data on crop diseases as well as the magnitude of the crop damage, which should be further established through specialized research. Crop production technologies and services"}]},{"head":"Access to agricultural services","index":54,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":205,"text":"The major agricultural services in the country and the project area include agricultural extension, veterinary service and input supply service (fertilizer, improved seed and pesticides). Farmers access these agricultural technologies from different sources. According to farm management survey of CSA ( 2011), the majority of the farmers (57%) access the agricultural extension service within 4 km while 78% of them access it within 10 km (Table 34). Agricultural extension service is provided by development agents (DAs) who are stationed at farmers training centres (FTCs). The government pursued a strategy of establishing one FTC per rural kebele to provide extension services, farmers training and demonstration at the FTCs. In the project area, among the 3004 farmers associations (kebeles), only 2194 (73%) have FTC. Among the FTCs, only 63% are functional. However, 73% are reported to be ready to offer training. In 2013, 8026 DAs (12% female) were working at the FTCs in the project area. There were 740 supervisors indicating a ratio of about 1 supervisor per 10 DAs to supervise. The number of farmers covered by extension service has increased since 2007 both in Ethiopia, Oromia and the project area (Figure 47). However, the trend of extension package per farmer declined since 2007 (Figure 48).   "}]},{"head":"Ha","index":55,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Fertilizer use","index":56,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":45,"text":"The major services provided to the farmers as extension package is supply of fertilizer, improved seeds and pesticides (chemicals). As shown in Figure 49, the area covered by fertilizer increased since 2006. Moreover, the quantity of fertilizer used increased during the same period (Figure 50).  "}]},{"head":"Quantity (ton)","index":57,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":86,"text":"Some farmers applied only DAP while some farmers applied only urea (Annex 10a). Other farmers applied combination of DAP and Urea. As shown in Table 35, the average crop area where both urea and DAP are applied during 2013 was larger in the country, in Oromia and the project area alike. Fertilizer application rate is lower than the recommended rate of 100 kg urea and 100 kg DAP (Table 36). The rate of fertilizer application fluctuated and there is neither increasing nor decreasing trend (Table 37). "}]},{"head":"Improved seeds","index":58,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":55,"text":"Improved seeds of cereals and pulse are supplied to farmers through cooperatives, research stations, and private seed suppliers. The area covered by improved seeds has been increasing overtime especially since 2009 (Figure 51). However, the quantity of improved seeds used by the farmers has not shown as much increase as the area covered (Figure 52).   "}]},{"head":"Pesticides","index":59,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":78,"text":"Crop pests are among the major causes of crop pre-harvest losses in Ethiopia in general and in the project area in particular. Cereal crops like maize and sorghum are affected by stalk borer while teff is affected by rust and coffee by CBD. Termite is a major pest in western Oromia affecting crop productivity. Some of these pests are controlled through improved cultural practices and crop rotation while nearly all of them are controlled by chemicals using pesticides."},{"index":2,"size":13,"text":"Figure 53: Trend of area covered by pesticide (all crops) in '000 ha.  "}]},{"head":"Livestock production","index":60,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":2,"text":"Livestock number"},{"index":2,"size":117,"text":"Different livestock breeds are reared in the project area. Cattle are the most dominant livestock type in Ethiopia, Oromia and the project area (Figure 56). The livestock population is increasing overtime (Table 39).   2006 43,007,315 42,040,891 7,082,311 19,663,215 15,051,836 3,391,905 8,128,755 5,034,781 1,005,553 2007 47,570,675 47,826,700 8,734,447 21,410,978 17,087,373 3,937,823 8,049,310 4,970,772 1,012,428 2008 49,297,898 46,901,440 8,342,321 22,453,335 16,537,980 3,993,968 8,295,794 4,896,464 990,066 2009 50,884,005 47,940,625 8,883,600 22,475,349 16,798,886 4,225,829 na na na 2010 53,382,194 48,295,950 9,725,391 22,958,489 16,346,735 4,300,858 9,696,015 4,989,048 1,204,834 2011 52,129,017 46,834,489 9,748,483 22,481,530 15,845,914 4,381,272 9,587,001 5,127,156 1,258,771 2012 53,990,061 49,549,996 9,920,948 22,354,053 16,303,406 4,335,982 9,499,441 5,317,634 1,273,262 2013 55,027,280 55,511,265 10,370,486 22,505,219 17,644,636 4,503,918 9,540,063 5,744,830 1,315,556 Source: CSA (different issues)."}]},{"head":"Milk production","index":61,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":86,"text":"In 2013, the country produced about 2.9 billion litres of milk; Oromia produced 1.25 billion litres and the project area produced 386 million litres of milk. The trend of milk production shows a decline in Ethiopia and Oromia relatively faster than it declined in the project area (Figure 57). The major difference in the trend of milk production seems to be related to differences in milk yield which shows a relative increase in the project area while it declined for Oromia and the country (Figure 58).  "}]},{"head":"Egg production","index":62,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":55,"text":"Egg is an important source of animal protein for rural people. There is also increasing egg production since 2006 (with an exception of 2010) in Ethiopia in general and in Oromia and the project area, reaching 89.5 million for the country, about 38 million for Oromia and 13.5 million in the project area (Figure 59)."},{"index":2,"size":10,"text":"Figure 59: Trend of number of egg production (in '000'). "}]},{"head":"Livestock product utilization","index":63,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":18,"text":"Major livestock products like milk products, butter, cheese and arera, mutton and goats' meat and egg are consumed."},{"index":2,"size":59,"text":"Skin is used at home as sleeping mat or grain or honey container. Milk is further processed into butter, cheese and arera and also consumed. Beef, sheep hair, butter, and hides and skins are also largely sold (Figure 60). There is no change in the trend of the proportion of livestock products consumed (Figure 61) and sold (Figure 62).  "}]},{"head":"Percent","index":64,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Livestock technologies/inputs","index":65,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":16,"text":"The major livestock inputs considered are veterinary services (drugs and vaccination), and feed as discussed below."}]},{"head":"Vaccination","index":66,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":64,"text":"As shown in Table 40, millions of livestock in Ethiopia and thousands in the project area are infected by disease. The number of sick animals shows variation in different years without a clear trend of increase or decrease. Government and development partners, like NGOs and donors, allocate funds for vaccination against preventive diseases. The number of animals vaccinated increased overtime since 2006 (Figure 63).  "}]},{"head":"Livestock feed","index":67,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":90,"text":"Green fodder is the major source of livestock feed in Ethiopia. Crop residue is also used by large proportion of livestock holders (Table 41). Hay and crop by-products are also fed to the animals, especially for dairy cows, poultry and animals fed for fattening. Improved livestock feed is not commonly fed to the animals. Moreover, the time series data does not show a significant shift in the proportion of farmers changing type of feed they use for livestock (Table 42). Gender roles in access and control of income and assets"},{"index":2,"size":127,"text":"Due to socio-cultural barriers, there exist huge gender imbalance between men and women. Women and child girls are the most disadvantaged in rural areas regarding access to resources, income, education and other services. For instance, the Ethiopian MDGs report (2012) indicates that gender disparity broadens as it goes to the higher education level and improved from 0.85 in 2006/07 to 0.93 in 2011/12 in primary education and from 0.59 in 2006/07 to 0.83 in 2011/12 in secondary education. Moreover, in 2011/12, gender parity at tertiary education was 0.39 and even much lower at 0.25 at graduate school level. With regard to unemployment in urban area, the report also shows about 16.1% of male and 29.6 of female young people (aged between 15-29 years) were unemployed in 2011/12."},{"index":3,"size":151,"text":"Even though the gender division of labour in rural Ethiopia varies in terms of farming systems, cultural settings, location and the different wealth categories, female farmers generally perform up to 75% of farm labour, representing 70% of household food production in Ethiopia (USAID 2013). However, though these women are capable of undertaking successful productive activities, they often fail to have access to and control over means of production and income obtained from the activities/benefits. In Oromia regional state, though 75% and 62% of the MHHs indicate that their land is registered and they are certified for their registered land respectively, they witnessed that only 31.8% of the female spouses are registered for their land with their names written on the certificates (Rorisa and Debbebe 2013). This implies that from the certified lands in the region, more than 68% of the MHH considered women as shareholders for the land the household has."},{"index":4,"size":83,"text":"Although the situation is improving especially among the young people in terms of opportunities for equitable access and control over household assets and income, men still play major roles in decision-making on issues affecting the household. Women and girls participate in productive and reproductive activities, leading to them being overburdened with farm and household chores. Assets like land, livestock and household properties are often named as under the man's ownership. In order to enhance gender equity, government and civic organizations are making efforts."},{"index":5,"size":155,"text":"According to Accelerating Ethiopian Agriculture Development for Growth, Food Security, and Equity (2010) document, gender mainstreaming is a comprehensive approach to change the way of thinking and action to address the underlying causes of gender inequalities in the society, in all sectors and at all levels. Women's empowerment through gender mainstreaming into agricultural and rural development is central to undertaking initiatives aimed at improving production and the distribution of food and agricultural products, raising levels of nutrition, and enhancing the living conditions of rural populations. In order to address the root causes of persistent poverty and food insecurity among rural women and the families they support, there is a need to achieve three main strategic objectives: Promote gender-based equity in the access to, and control over, productive resources; Enhance women's participation in decision-and policy-making processes at all levels; and Promote actions to reduce rural women's workload and enhance their opportunities for remunerated employment and income."}]},{"head":"Description of recent programs/projects","index":68,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":97,"text":"Regional programs like Eastern Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (EAAPP) are regional initiatives intended to serve as a vehicle for implementing the agricultural productivity agenda in eastern Africa countries. The overall goal of the program is derived from the MDGs, Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP), and Framework for African Agricultural Productivity (FAAP). The overall goal of EAAPP is to contribute to enhanced sustainable productivity, value added, and competitiveness of the sub-regional agricultural system (see also Annex 1, section 1.2). EAAPP is being implemented in all regional states of Ethiopia and Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa city administrations."},{"index":2,"size":153,"text":"As it is stated before, agricultural development is central to the Ethiopian government's poverty reduction strategy and the main source of economic growth. Thus, the government of Ethiopia with development partners and allies developed initiatives and programs that help to improve the livelihood of people. The major agricultural development initiatives are Agricultural Growth Program (AGP), EAAPP, Pastoral Livelihoods Resilience Program (PLRP), Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), Household Asset Building Program (HABP) and SLM. PSNP and HABP operate in chronically food insecure woredas of Ethiopia, while SLM and AGP are being implemented in high potential areas. The project area does not benefit from PSNP and HABP programs. Moreover, the government along with its partners, has developed a number of other programs/projects intended to address poverty reduction, productivity improvement and livelihood improvement, strengthen agricultural extension service provisions, capacity building and small-scale irrigation, tackle climate change threats and reduce exposure to chronic food insecurity and shocks."},{"index":3,"size":38,"text":"Currently, there are different development programs/projects being implementing in Oromia by government and other partners. These are AGP, EAAPP, Small-Scale Irrigation (SSI) project, SLM II, PSNP (APLII and APLIII), HABP, Termite control project, Cattle genetic improvement project, etc."},{"index":4,"size":80,"text":"NGOs, like SNV, Menschen für Menschen, Plan International, World Vision Ethiopia, SG2000, Techno-Serve, etc. also implement rural development and livelihood improvement projects in the area. These organizations work in different programs and projects including food security, water and irrigation, NRM, marketing and value chain, capacity building, innovation and extension capacity building, creating access to finance, etc. by aligning their program interventions with the government agenda and community problems. Research-based projects are also being implemented by the CGIAR in the area."}]},{"head":"Main opportunities, risks and constraints of the production systems","index":69,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":21,"text":"Table 43 summarizes the opportunities, constraints and risks in the production and marketing of crops and livestock in the project area."}]},{"head":"Opportunities:","index":70,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":49,"text":"The major opportunities revolve around conducive climate and soil for production, favourable policy climate, expanding rural infrastructure, existences of development programs, existing demand for agricultural products and increasing price of products which stimulate farmers to increase production, continued capacity building for farmers and government staff involved in extension services."}]},{"head":"Constraints:","index":71,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":74,"text":"The major constraints are pests and diseases, shortage of improved agricultural technologies and associated high price of fertilizer and improved seeds, lack of research-based input use rate such as fertilizer and seed rate, limited or lack of irrigation technology to increase productivity and reduce reliance on only rain for production, lack of appropriate livestock improvement technologies, gender inequality, limited skill in increasing production efficiency, lack of credit for production and marketing and gender inequality."}]},{"head":"Risk:","index":72,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":46,"text":"The major risk associated with crop production includes heavy rainfall which also involve hail and storm damaging crops, increased land degradation caused by interrelated factors, such as population pressure, expansion of farm land, over grazing, deforestation, firewood collection, cultivation of steep slopes and poor agronomic practices."},{"index":2,"size":63,"text":"Increasing soil acidity and salinity, pests and disease of crops and livestock, perishable nature of crops (especially fruits and vegetables), livestock products like milk and butter also pose challenge to production and marketing of agricultural products. Traditional barriers are major risks to bringing about change and improving gender equality. Numeracy also aggravates the situation. Malaria is also a major disease affecting labour use. "}]},{"head":"Markets and institutions","index":73,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":55,"text":"The intermediate development indicator that this section will help to address is IDO 6: 'Increased capacity for integrated systems to innovate and bring social and technical solutions to scale, as well as IDO 2: 'Increased consumption of diverse and quality foods from sustainable food systems by the poor, especially among nutritionally vulnerable women and children'."}]},{"head":"Agricultural marketing systems in Ethiopia/Oromia","index":74,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":70,"text":"The structure of the national agricultural market system in general and Oromia region in particular can be viewed in terms of the marketing channel, type and role of market participants, market infrastructure, and finance. The agricultural marketing channel involves producers, product collectors/assemblers at farm level, local traders, brokers/ agents, and wholesalers in the transitory or terminal markets such as Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise, processors, retailers, consumers and exporters."},{"index":2,"size":16,"text":"Producers: Crop producers are largely smallholder private farmers and commercial farmers, as well as state farms."},{"index":3,"size":29,"text":"Agricultural products are supplied to local markets from local supply and imports through commercial imports or food aid. Producers sell to local traders, village collectors, wholesalers, cooperatives/unions, and consumers."},{"index":4,"size":214,"text":"Middlemen/Agents: Brokers specialize in bringing the buyers and sellers together. They sell the products of producers to wholesalers or that of wholesalers to other wholesalers, processors or retailers. They also disseminate price and other market information and play a leading role in influencing agricultural products trade and price formation in towns mainly in Addis Ababa. A study by Gebre-Madhin et al. (2003) 1 revealed that the brokerage institution is critical to market performance in the Ethiopian grain market and that it enables traders to circumvent the commitment problem of long-distance trade with unknown partners. In the absence of standardization, public information and legal contract enforcement, brokers act as inspectors and guarantors of each transaction especially in grain and vegetable marketing. Brokers are permanently located in the central market of Addis Ababa and are easily identifiable to all traders who come in and out of the market. Thus, they are natural repositories of information, regarding market flows, the behaviour of market participants, and the outcomes of past transactions. Their permanent presence in the central market ensures the continuity of a reputation transmission mechanism. In addition, their continuous presence implies that, in the event that a falling out between partners occurs during a long-distance trade, the broker can be contacted to mediate and resolve the dispute."},{"index":5,"size":119,"text":"Traders are wholesalers or retailers: Wholesalers are the major actors in the grain and vegetable marketing channels. Wholesalers could be regional wholesalers who supply the product from surplus areas or farmers, assemblers or other traders who sell the product to central markets. Wholesalers located in deficient areas purchase the product in bulk from wholesalers in the surplus areas or central markets and sell in their respective areas. In the case of grain trade government parastatal such as the Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise is also considered as wholesaler. Nowadays, cooperatives and cooperative unions serve also play the role of wholesalers when they collect and sell in bulk and act as retailers when they distribute traders in smaller quantities to consumers."},{"index":6,"size":28,"text":"Retailers: The retailers in markets are traders who buy products from wholesalers and producers and sell to consumers at convenient locations and times in various forms and quantities."},{"index":7,"size":191,"text":"In the project area, cereals, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables are supplied to the markets in local and nearby towns mainly from the surrounding rural areas of Oromia region. Farmers are the major suppliers. The wholesalers in these towns collect grains such as teff, wheat, barley and pulses, fruits and vegetables from the producers and sell to the consumers or to other traders in different parts of the country including Addis Ababa. For instance the Nekemte town market gets grain (teff, wheat, barley, maize and sorghum) from East and West Wollega zones and West Showa zone. Teff, wheat and barley are mainly supplied from Horro Guduru and Gedo areas, while maize and sorghum are mainly supplied from low land areas (Abay and Hangar valleys) in East Wollega zone by traders. Similarly in Jimma town grain is supplied to market from rural collection centres. However, white teff is supplied to the market in Jimma by wholesalers from different parts of the country, mainly from West and East Shewa and Addis Ababa. Role of traders is of paramount in grain marketing. Figure 64 presents some of the common grain marketing channels in Ethiopia."},{"index":8,"size":13,"text":"Figure 64: Typical market channels of grain in selected towns of Oromia region."},{"index":9,"size":99,"text":"Processors: Processors include grain mills, food processors, brewery, malt industry, bakers, meat processors, leather factories, juice processors, cooking oil, etc. owned by private and government to process agricultural products and sell their products to traders or consumers. Cooperatives: Agricultural marketing cooperatives and consumer cooperatives involve in buying and selling of agricultural products. They stabilize product price by competing with traders as a result of which traders push the producers' price up. They also protect consumers by stabilizing retail prices of products. Some cooperative unions also started to participate in the processing of agricultural products like grain, milk, oilseeds, etc."}]},{"head":"Institutions involved in agricultural marketing issues","index":75,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":45,"text":"There are several institutions which have stake in agricultural marketing. Semi-autonomous government agencies such as the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) and Oromia Market Development Agencies, private institutions such as agroprocessors, traders and exporters, and cooperatives are the key players of agricultural marketing of agricultural products."}]},{"head":"ECX","index":76,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":215,"text":"ECX has the vision to revolutionize Ethiopia's tradition bound agriculture through creating a new marketplace that serves all market actors including farmers, traders, processors, exporters and consumers. The ECX is a unique partnership of market actors, the members of the exchange, and its main promoter, the government of Ethiopia. ECX aims to bring integrity, security, and efficiency to the market. ECX creates opportunities for unparalleled growth in the commodity sector in Ethiopia and linked industries, such as transport and logistics, banking and financial services, and others. ECX started its operation in April 2008. As of July 2011, the physical presence of the ECX consists of 55 warehouses in 17 regional locations. It has grown from trading 138,000 tonnes in its first year to 508,000 tonnes in its third year, with nearly equal shares of coffee and oilseeds and pulses. The value of the ECX rose 368% between 2010 and 2011 to reach USD 1.1 billion. As of November 2010, the trading floor in Addis Ababa, handled 200 spot contracts in such commodities as coffee, sesame, navy beans, maize and wheat. It was assessed in July 2011 that total membership equaled 243 with total clients, who trade through members, numbered about 7800. Farmer Cooperatives represented 2.4 million smallholder farmers, which make up 12% of the membership."},{"index":2,"size":32,"text":"ECX provides market information through media and audiovisual price displayers provide product quality assessment and warehousing services. It is envisaged that ECX reduces the risk high transaction costs and improve market efficiency."}]},{"head":"Oromia market development agency","index":77,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":59,"text":"The agency was established by the Oromia regional state with the aim to stabilize grain prices and reduce volatility in the sector. It facilitates wholesale and retail marketing of grain in Oromia, located on the western suburb of Addis Ababa. The agency broadcasts also grain price information on radio to create awareness by the market actors including the producers."}]},{"head":"Agricultural marketing cooperatives","index":78,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":267,"text":"Cooperatives act like wholesalers and sometimes as retailers. They buy from farmers (often members), sort or process, pack and sell to consumer cooperatives, institutional consumers or traders, and sometimes also export. Export of agricultural commodities such as honey, coffee, oilseeds and vegetables is done by some cooperative unions. Consumer cooperatives purchase products from unions and sell to the consumers. The government motivates cooperatives and their union due to their role in price stabilization which is necessary for the producers as well as for the consumers. According to the Federal Cooperative Agency (FCA 2013), a total of 16,447 primary cooperatives involve in marketing of agricultural products like grain, coffee and livestock. The cooperatives principally serve about 6.2 million members (19% female) by purchasing produces from members, selling agricultural inputs to members and also providing dividend on profit to members. The cooperatives operate with a capital of ETB 2.7 billion. About 34% of the cooperatives are found in Oromia (Table 44). Some 7129 consumer cooperatives also serve the urban poor by marketing agricultural products and industrial goods are reasonable prices. Primary cooperatives encounter several constraints including managerial and financial problems. In order to overcome some of these problems and strengthen their opportunity for market participation, primary cooperatives are organized into unions. According to the FCA (2013), about 2412 cooperative unions were organized to involve in agricultural marketing in Ethiopia. The unions have about 1.9 million members and ETB 555 million (Table 45). The unions also involve in processing of agricultural products like milling, bakery, and coffee roasting. Some of the unions also export agricultural products and market agricultural inputs. "}]},{"head":"Agro processing manufacturing industries","index":79,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":105,"text":"According to the Ministry of Trade and Industry (2014), there are 455 large and medium scale agro-processing factories with about ETB 4 billion capital and ETB 7.4 billion production capacity. However, the industries operate below capacity at a rate of 67.4%. The industries produce largely for local markets (97.4% market outlet) and use more of domestic inputs (only 11.2% of imported inputs used). About 22% of the large and medium scale agro-processing industries in Ethiopia are located in Oromia having 44% of the registered capacity and having 56% of the production capacity. However, the industries in Oromia are performing less efficiently at 55.5% (Table 46). "}]},{"head":"Traders","index":80,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":51,"text":"A large number of private traders involve in local marketing and export of agricultural products. Although data on the number of traders and scope of their operation was not available to the research team, it is understood that traders (wholesalers and retailers) handle the largest share of agricultural commodities in Ethiopia."},{"index":2,"size":11,"text":"Figure 67: Average unit price of major crops in Oromia (ETB/kg)."}]},{"head":"Agricultural exports","index":81,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Crop products export","index":82,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":123,"text":"In 2013, Ethiopia generated about USD 2.5 billion from export of commodities. Crop products export accounted for 74% of the export earning of the country (Table 47). Coffee leads the export revenue taking 23% of the share, followed by oilseeds (19.2%), vegetables and fruits (13.1%), pulse (8.6%) and flower (6.4%). Export of cereals is insignificant since Ethiopia is a net importer of cereals to fill the food gap in the country (further discussed under imports). The proportion of export earnings from crops declined from 76.4% in 2010 to 74.7% in 2013 (Figure 68). Export earnings from stimulants (coffee and khat) declined from 42.5% in 2010 to 23.4% in 2013 while the export earnings from other crops (except cereals) increased over the same period. "}]},{"head":"Livestock and livestock product exports","index":83,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":134,"text":"Ethiopia exported about 135,486 tonnes of livestock and livestock products during 2013. About 77.15% of these exports were live animals, while the remaining percentage was the export of livestock products. Goat meat, honey, and hides and skins lead the quantity of livestock products exported (Table 48). The trend of quantity of livestock exported has not shown clear tendency to increase. Export of livestock and livestock products generated about USD 363.2 million in 2013, of which 49.9% was from export of live animals, while the remaining 51.1% was generated from livestock products (Table 49). This indicates that exporting livestock products generates more value per unit of quantity exported. Export value of hides and skins, and goats meat have the lead at 27.9% and 17.3% of the value of livestock and livestock products exported. Agricultural imports"}]},{"head":"Import of crop products","index":84,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":66,"text":"Despite its potential for crop production, Ethiopia has not been able to produce sufficient food for its growing population. Hence, it has been importing grain; cooking oil and other processed food to feed its population. As shown in Figure 69, the country imported about two million tonnes of crop products in 2013 at cost of USD 1.34 billion. The money spent per year increased since 2010."},{"index":2,"size":83,"text":"Import of cereal crops account 77% of crop product imports, while import of wheat alone account for 62% of the quantity of grain imports. Table 50 shows the quantity of crop products imported and the share of each product. In terms of value, cereal crop import accounted for 50.7%, while wheat alone accounted for 34% of the import value of grain (Table 51). Import of edible oil accounted for 29% of the crop product imports, while fruits and fruit-product imports accounted for 16.8%.   "}]},{"head":"Import of livestock/product","index":85,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":28,"text":"Ethiopia also spent about USD 21 million for the import of livestock and livestock products. The value of imported live animals accounts for 36.2% of the total livestock.  "}]},{"head":"Import of agricultural inputs","index":86,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":107,"text":"The major inputs for crop production are land, labour, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, farm implements and irrigation facilities. Most of these inputs are provided by the farm household (land, labour, traction power, local seeds and farm implements). These inputs are also purchased from the local market when the farmer does not have them in stock and have the capacity to purchase. Local inputs are supplied from different sources: fellow farmers who either sell or lend these inputs, traders, cooperatives, seed enterprises, research centres and development programs funded by the government, NGOs or international organizations. Private sectors supply these inputs through market, NGOs, government extension system, or development programs."},{"index":2,"size":54,"text":"Improved agricultural inputs such as seed and farm implements used for farming, NRM and irrigation are also provided locally by the research system, private sector and the market. Inputs like improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides are imported. Moreover, livestock inputs like feed pre-mix, forage seeds, breeds of animals, vaccines and drugs are also imported."},{"index":3,"size":66,"text":"Ethiopia imported about 7292 tonnes of maize seed in 2013 which was much less than the imported quantity in 2012 (Table 53). Fertilizer is the major crop input imported every year since 2010, which accounts for 98% in 2013 and 2010, while it was 99% of the quantity imported in 2011 and 2012. Main opportunities, risks and constraints for markets Natural resource management and the environment"},{"index":4,"size":34,"text":"The Intermediate Development Indicator that this section will help to address is IDO 4: 'Improved management of natural resources is essential for sustaining increases in farm-level productivity and the provision of other ecosystem services'."}]},{"head":"Soil and forest degradation","index":87,"paragraphs":[]},{"head":"Soil erosion","index":88,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":222,"text":"Natural resources, agriculture and human activities are highly interrelated in Ethiopia in general and at the project site in particular. Due to continued use of land resources and increasing population, more land is put into cultivation, trees are cut for construction and the supply of energy for cooking and heating, and wet areas and pasture areas are converted to farming. Natural resource degradation is the result of both natural processes and human factors in the development process. For instance, soil degradation is the result of water and wind erosion, salinization, alkalization, and chemical, physical (such as traditional cultivation practices) and biological degradations (humus mineralization rates that are primarily governed by temperature and soil moisture conditions). Moreover, land clearing for agriculture, increasing demand for fuel wood and construction material, settlement within forests, logging and the expansion of wood trade contribute to deterioration of forest resources, reduction of biodiversity, incidences of soil erosion and land degradation. The topography of the project site-steep slopes, high erodibility of the soil, sparse vegetation cover and high rainfall-are the major causes of soil erosion in the area. Due to these factors, the intensity or the severity of soil erosion differs from area to area and the rate of degradation is classified in to four levels (none to slight, moderate, high and very high) as elaborated below (BoFED 2013)."},{"index":2,"size":67,"text":"• None to slight soil loss rate (0-15 tonnes/ha per year): Almost all lower highlands or plain areas of the project area experience slight soil loss due to dense vegetation cover and relatively low slope angle or plain area. From such areas, about 0-15 tonnes of soil particles/ha will be removed away by water annually. This area accounts for 48% of area of western Oromia (Figure 71)."},{"index":3,"size":61,"text":"• Moderate soil loss rate (15-50 tonnes/ha per year): Larger portions of the project area in western Oromia encounter moderate soil loss at a rate of 15-50 tonnes of soils per hectare annually, mainly due to steep slope nature, sparse vegetation cover, high erodibility of the soil and high rainfall erosivity. About 13% of area of western Oromia is moderately eroded."},{"index":4,"size":105,"text":"• High soil loss rate (51-200 tonnes/ha per year): In most of the highlands of the project area including western and central West Shewa, northern, western and southwest Shewa soil loss rate is high, mainly due to steep slope, sparse vegetation cover, and high rainfall erosivity. Soil loss rate ranges from 51-200 tonnes/hectare per annum. From the highland areas of the area, about 4-16.5mm depth of topsoil is removed annually resulting shallow soil for larger portions of the area and the soil degradation risk is considered to be high especially in areas under cultivation. About 30% of the project area is severely eroded (Figure 71)."},{"index":5,"size":84,"text":"• Very high soil loss rate (201-over 300 tonnes/ha per year): In most of the escarpments and highlands of West Oromia, where deforestation or vegetation removal is severe, slope angle and rainfall erosive are high; soil loss rate is considered to be very high. Soil loss rate is about 201-over 300 tonnes/ hectare per year. In other words, about 16.5-over 25mm depth of soil are removed from the mentioned areas by water erosion annually. About 9% of the project area is very severely eroded."},{"index":6,"size":6,"text":"Figure 71: Severity of soil erosion."},{"index":7,"size":108,"text":"In general, large portion of the highland areas of the project area (52%) experience moderate to very high soil loss rate, i.e. 16-over 300 tonnes/ hectare per year. This is due to steep slope nature, sparse vegetation cover and high rainfall erosivity of the area. On the other hand, the ever increasing agricultural population and the growth rate of overstocking, which leads to overgrazing, are the aggravating factors for the loss of soil and vegetation cover in the area. Traditional agricultural practices have also induced rapid rates of soil erosion that again has impacts on agricultural productivity in the area. Figure 72 shows erosion status of western Oromia."},{"index":8,"size":8,"text":"Figure 72: Severity of erosion in western Oromia."},{"index":9,"size":51,"text":"Though some effort has been made by the government and different organizations, a large portion of the project areas still run the risk of severe and very severe soil erosion, as whole parts of Horogudru Wellega, East Wellega, Shewa, Jimma and other zones of the project area have high water erosion."}]},{"head":"Deforestation","index":89,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":105,"text":"Ethiopia due to its agriculture-based economy and rapid population growth has been experiencing high level of deforestation about 163,000 ha (Reusing 1998)   2014), the majority of forestry and agriculture based emissions in Ethiopia originate from deforestation within Oromia regional state which is the largest regional state in Ethiopia and home to 70% of the remaining high forest cover in the country. However, like most part of the country this eco-region has been experiencing high level of deforestation and forest degradation due to expansion of agricultural activities into forest lands, unmanaged fuel wood and construction wood collection from the forests and growing incidence of forest fires."}]},{"head":"Programs for NRM","index":90,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":143,"text":"To reduce the impact of natural degradation in the country in general and Oromia region in particular, both the federal and regional levels designed different policies, strategies, programs and projects. Based on these, the federal and regional governments (supported by various donors, international agencies and NGOs), have made large scale investment in natural resource management-related activities, such as soil conservation and land rehabilitation measures. The rehabilitation of degraded lands, which started through food-for-work relief assistance has become a major component of the both federal and regional governments' approach to mitigate the impact of soil degradation by focusing on soil and water conservation; construction of terraces, check dams, cut-off drains and micro-basins, and afforestation and re-vegetation of fragile and hillside areas. The focus was on building physical structures to control soil erosion and rehabilitate degraded lands and massive efforts were undertaken in this regard."},{"index":2,"size":43,"text":"Among these efforts, the government of Ethiopia developed policies and strategies, as well as programs/projects, that give attention to natural resources conservation, including ADLI, Natural Resource Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Strategic Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management, and Sustainable Land Management (SLM)."},{"index":3,"size":90,"text":"Cooperatives are also formed to manage natural resources including forest, wetlands and water resources with the aim of ensuring the sustainable use of these resources and generating income for the cooperative members. There were 635 cooperative unions with 89,459 members organized to manage natural resources and also develop irrigation for efficient water use (Table 56). Moreover, 2850 primary cooperatives were organized with 244,026 members for the same purpose. Table 56 shows the number of primary cooperatives in Ethiopia and Oromia organized to manage and protect natural resources and irrigation water. "}]},{"head":"Biodiversity","index":91,"paragraphs":[{"index":1,"size":75,"text":"Ethiopia is one of the world's most biodiverse countries. It has a very diverse set of ecosystems ranging from humid forest and extensive wetlands to the desert of the Afar depression due to the variation in climate, topography and vegetation. This situation creates an opportunity to produce different types of crops in the country in general and in Oromia in particular. Generally, the agricultural production system is characterized by complex mixed crop and livestock systems."},{"index":2,"size":109,"text":"Different crops (Annex 9) and livestock species grow in the project area. Besides, the forests of the area are homes for trees of different economic, medicinal and environmental values. Western Oromia includes an area of dense virgin tropical forests, hosting abundant wildlife and birds in the region. Forests like Belete-Gera, Babiya Folla, Sigmo-Gaba, Saylem Wangus, Abelti-Gibe, Tiro-Boter-Becho, Godere, Jorgo-Wato, Selemeseng Mocha, Sibo-Tole-Kobo, Yayu, Abobo, Gerjeda, Gidame, Liche-Dale-Gewe, Chato Sengi Dengeb, Komto-Waja-Tsige and Konchi cover 12,841 km 2 and are considered as sources of trees and wildlife biodiversity. Permanent rivers like Gojeb, Nuso, Geba, Sor, Birbir, Wangus, Abay, Dedessa, Anger, Gibe, Fincha'a, Birbirsa and Dabus flow in the project area."},{"index":3,"size":186,"text":"Opportunities, risks and constraints for NRM 1 Food groups: i. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yogurt; ii. foods made from grains, roots, and tubers, including porridge and fortified baby food from grains; iii. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; iv. other fruits and vegetables; e. eggs; v. meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, and organ meats; 6. legumes and nuts. 2 For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants 6-8 months and at least three times a day for children 9-23 months 3 Includes two or more feedings of commercial infant formula fresh, tinned and powdered animal milk; and yogurt. 4 For non-breastfed children age 6-23 months, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food or milk feeds at least four times a day. 5 Breastfeeding, or not breastfeeding and receiving two or more feedings of commercial infant formula, fresh, tinned, and powdered animal milk, and yogurt. 6 Children are fed the minimum recommended number of times per day according to their age and breastfeeding status as described in footnotes 2 and 4. "}]}],"figures":[{"text":"FiguresFigure 1 :Figure 9 :Figure 18 :Figure 22 :Figure 25 :Figure 28 :Figure 31 :Figure 32 :Figure 33 :FigureFigure 41 :Figure 42 :Figure 43 :Figure 47 :Figure 48 :Figure 49 :Figure 50 :Figure 51 :Figure 52 :Figure 53 :Figure 57 :Figure 58 :Figure 59 :Figure 60 :Figure 61 :Figure 62 :Figure 63 :Figure 66 : Figures "},{"text":" Source: *CSA (2008), **WMS (2011) and ***Oromia Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED) (2014). "},{"text":"Figure 1 : Figure 1: Population distribution in the project area (2007-2013), CSA. "},{"text":"Figure 2 : Figure 2: Distribution of population of the project area by age group (%). "},{"text":"Figure 4 : Figure 4: Composition of GDP (billion ETB in 2010 base price). "},{"text":"Figure 5 : Figure 5: Proportion of GDP (%). "},{"text":"Figure 6 : Figure 6: Per capita income during 1999-2011 in Ethiopia (ETB) and Oromia (OR). "},{"text":"Figure 7 : Figure 7: Trend of poverty in Ethiopia. "},{"text":"Figure 8 : Figure 8: Tend of food poverty in Ethiopia. "},{"text":"Figure 9 : Figure 9: Proportion of men and women aged 15-49 by body condition in Ethiopia. "},{"text":"Figure 10 : Figure 10: Nutritional status of women aged 15-49 years (% based on body mass index) in Oromia. "},{"text":"Figure 11 : Figure 11: Proportion of children up to 6 months of age by feeding practices. "},{"text":"Figure 12 Figure 12 also shows a downward trend in the proportion of children stunted and underweight over the three EDHS surveys. Stunting prevalence decreased by 12% (from 58% to 51%) between 2000 and 2005 and by an additional 14% to 44% between 2005 and 2011. The decline in the proportion of stunted Ethiopian children shows improvement in chronic malnutrition over the past eleven years. A similar pattern was observed for the proportion of children underweight which dropped by 20% from 2000 to 2005 and 12% from 2005 to 2011. The prevalence of wasting in Ethiopia remained constant over the last 11 years. "},{"text":"Figure 12 : Figure 12: Trends in nutritional status of children under five years of age in Ethiopia. "},{"text":"Figure 13 : Figure 13: Nutritional status of children under five years of age in Oromia. "},{"text":"Figure 14 : Figure 14: Micro-nutrients intake of under five children (age from 6 to 59 months) in Ethiopia and Oromia. "},{"text":"Figure 15 : Figure 15: Life expectancy in Ethiopia and Oromia. "},{"text":"Figure 16 : Figure 16: Trends in early childhood mortality rate per 1000 of each childhood category. "},{"text":"Figure 17 : Figure 17: Top 10 causes of mortality in 2012/13 in Ethiopia (%). "},{"text":"Figure 18 : Figure 18: Access to maternal health (skilled delivery, antenatal care and postnatal care) services. "},{"text":"Figure 19 : Figure 19: Number of investment in agriculture in the project area. "},{"text":"Figure 20 : Figure 20: Major agro-ecological zones. "},{"text":"Figure 21 : Figure 21: Climatic classification of western Oromia (the project area excluding West Shewa and Southwest Shewa) "},{"text":"Figure 22 : Figure 22: Temperature during different seasons in the project area. "},{"text":"Figure 23 : Figure 23: Rainfall patterns of western Oromia in different seasons. "},{"text":"Figure 26 : Figure 26: Map of soils in western Oromia. "},{"text":"Figure 27 : Figure 27: Latrine coverage in Ethiopia and Oromia in 2011. "},{"text":"Figure 28 : Figure 28: Proportion of households access to sanitation facilities. = "},{"text":"Figure 29 : Figure 29: Number of households per available electricity meter. "},{"text":"Figure 31 : Figure 31: Proportion of people accessing all weather and dry weather roads (%). "},{"text":"Figure 32 : Figure 32: Proportion of people accessing public transport (%). "},{"text":"Figure 33 : Figure 33: Travel time to towns of 25,000 people. "},{"text":"Figure 34 : Figure 34: Travel time to towns of more than 50,000 people. "},{"text":"- (water resource management policy that includes water supply, sanitation, irrigation and hydropower resources) -One of the priority areas of the GTP and development programs to achieve the universal access plan -Engagement of many development partners -Multi-sectoral approaches to integrate interventions "},{"text":"Figure 36 : Figure 36: Length of growing period. "},{"text":"Figure 37 : Figure 37: Goat population density. "},{"text":"Figure 38 : Figure 38: Sheep population density. "},{"text":"Figure 39 : Figure 39: Cattle population density. "},{"text":"Figure 40 : Figure 40: Chicken population density. "},{"text":"Figure 41 : Figure 41: Yield of major cereals (tonne/ha) in 2013. "},{"text":"Figure 42 : Figure 42: Trend in yield of dominant cereals in the project area (tonne/ha). "},{"text":"Figure 43 : Figure 43: Utilization of crops in project area in 2013/14 (%). "},{"text":"Figure 44 : Figure 44: Utilization of major crop products in project site in 2013 (%). "},{"text":"Figure 45 : Figure 45: Trend in consumption of major crop products in project area "},{"text":"Figure 47 : Figure 47: Number of farmers covered by extension service (all crops). "},{"text":"Figure 48 : Figure 48: Trend of area covered by extension package per farmer (ha) "},{"text":"Figure 49 : Figure 49: Trend of area covered by fertilizer, all crops (ha). "},{"text":"Figure 51 : Figure 51: Trend of area covered by improved seeds, all crops (ha). "},{"text":"Figure 52 : Figure 52: Quantity of improved seeds used by the farmers. "},{"text":"Figure 55 : Figure 55: Trend of area covered by pesticide (all crops) in ha per farmer, "},{"text":"Figure 56 : Figure 56: Number of livestock (in million). "},{"text":"Figure 57 : Figure 57: Milk produced (million litre). "},{"text":"Figure 58 : Figure 58: Milk yield (litre/cow). "},{"text":"Figure 60 :Figure 62 : Figure 60: Utilization of livestock products in the project area in 2013/14 (%) "},{"text":"Figure 63 : Figure 63: Trends in vaccinated livestock. "},{"text":"Figure 68 : Figure 68: Proportion of earnings from crop exports. "},{"text":"Figure 69 : Figure 69: Imported quantity and value of crop products. "},{"text":"Figure 70 : Figure 70: Imported quantity and value of livestock and livestock product. "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"  "},{"text":"Table 2 : Literacy and numeracy rates of the population aged 10 by gender between 2004 and 2011  "},{"text":"Table 3 : Proportion by education level in 2011 (%)  "},{"text":"Table 4 : Source of livelihood in Ethiopia and Oromia and their share in household expenses in 2011  "},{"text":"Table 5 : Percentage of households owning common assets in Ethiopia and Oromia in 2011  "},{"text":"Table 6 : Poverty head count and Gini Coefficient (2010/11)       "},{"text":"Table 7 : Trend in total poverty (head count index)  "},{"text":"Table 8 : Trend in food poverty (head count index)  "},{"text":"Table 9 : Proportion of food insecure households (%)  "},{"text":"Table 10 : Summary of food balance of Ethiopia in 2011 ('000 metric tonnes)  "},{"text":"Table 11 : Nutrition status of the Ethiopian population (per person per day) in 2011  "},{"text":"Table 12 : Initiation of breast-feeding (% of children among last-born children born in the past two years of the survey)  "},{"text":"Table 13 : Feeding practices of children aged 6-23 months who are living with their mother (%)  "},{"text":"Table 14 : Employment rate in Ethiopia in 2013 (% of total population aged above 10 years)  "},{"text":"Table 15 : Unemployment rate in Ethiopia in 2013 (% of active population)  "},{"text":"Table 16 : Employment of paid labour by sector in 2013 (%)  "},{"text":"Table 17 : Percentage of employees by salary/wage  "},{"text":"Table 18 : Health facility to population ratio in 2012/13  "},{"text":"Table 19 : Number of HEWs working in health posts in 2012/13  "},{"text":"Table 20 : Distribution of households (% coverage) by source of energy for lighting  "},{"text":"Table 21 : Access to market for agricultural products (%)  "},{"text":"Table 22 : Access to information (%)  "},{"text":"Table 23 : Ethnic composition of the people in the project area  "},{"text":"Table 24 : Opportunities, constraints and risks for service development  "},{"text":"Table 25 : Association of farming system and gradients  "},{"text":"Table 26 : Average area and allocation by crop in 2013/2014  "},{"text":"Table 27 : Average production in the project area (tonne/HH)  "},{"text":"Table 28 : Trend of production in the project area (tonne/HH)  "},{"text":"Table 29 : Average area allocated to major cereals and proportion of growers  "},{"text":"Table 30 : Trend of productivity of crops in project area (tonnes/ha)  "},{"text":"Table 31 : Trend in consumption of crops in project site  "},{"text":"Table 32 : Trend in sales of crops in project site  "},{"text":"Table 33 : Proportion of crop area damaged by pest (%)  "},{"text":"Table 34 : Access to agricultural services (%)  "},{"text":"Table 35 : Average area covered with fertilize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013 (ha/HH)  "},{"text":"Table 36 : Average quantity of fertilize used in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013 (kg/ha)  "},{"text":"Table 37 : Trend of quantity of fertilizer use (kg/ha)  "},{"text":"Table 38 : Quantity of improved seed use (kg/ha)  "},{"text":"Table 39 : Trend in livestock population  "},{"text":"Table 40 : Estimated number of diseased livestock ('000 heads)  "},{"text":"Table 41 : Proportion of livestock feed in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013 (%)  "},{"text":"Table 42 : Trend of livestock feed proportion in project area  "},{"text":"Table 43 : Opportunities, constraints and risks for crop and livestock production  "},{"text":"Table 44 : Primary cooperatives involved in agricultural products marketing  "},{"text":"Table 45 : Cooperative unions involved in marketing of agricultural products  "},{"text":"Table 46 : Number of large and medium scale agro processing manufacturing industries in Ethiopia  "},{"text":"Table 47 : Free-on-board value of exports over the last four years  "},{"text":"Table 48 : Quantity of livestock and livestock products exports during the last four years  "},{"text":"Table 49 : Free-on-board value of livestock and livestock products exports during the last four years  "},{"text":"Table 50 : Quantity of crop products imported and proportion  "},{"text":"Table 51 : Value of crop products imported and share of its parts  "},{"text":"Table 52 : Value of imported livestock products and their proportion  "},{"text":"Table 53 : Quantity of agricultural inputs imported  "},{"text":"Table 54 : Trend of value of inputs imported in millions (USD)  "},{"text":"Table 55 :   "},{"text":"Table 1 : Population and household size Variables Ethiopia Oromia Project area*** VariablesEthiopiaOromiaProject area*** Population* 81,320,629 30,393,661 13,008,284 Population*81,320,62930,393,66113,008,284 No. of households** 16,144,654 6,081,010 1,661,498 No. of households**16,144,6546,081,0101,661,498 Household size 5.04 5.00 7.8 Household size5.045.007.8 % female HHs 25.3 22.7 10.0 % female HHs25.322.710.0 % female population 49.6 49.6 50.0 % female population49.649.650.0  "},{"text":"Table 2 : Literacy and numeracy rates of the population aged 10 by gender between 2004 and 2011 Sex/Residence 2004 Literacy 2011 2004 Numeracy 2011 Sex/Residence2004Literacy 20112004Numeracy 2011 Ethiopia     Ethiopia Total     Total Male 49.9 56.3 87.5 89.0 Male49.956.387.589.0 Females 26.6 37.8 88.0 90.6 Females26.637.888.090.6 Total 37.9 46.8 87.7 89.7 Total37.946.887.789.7 Rural     Rural Male 43.4 49.4 84.5 85.9 Male43.449.484.585.9 Females 18.7 29.8 83.4 87.3 Females18.729.883.487.3 Total 30.9 39.5 84.2 86.5 Total30.939.584.286.5 Urban     Urban Male 86.2 87.8 95.9 96.9 Male86.287.895.996.9 Females 64.4 69.6 94.3 96.2 Females64.469.694.396.2 Total 74.2 78.0 95.1 96.6 Total74.278.095.196.6  "},{"text":"Table 3 : Proportion by education level in 2011 (%) Education level Male National Female Total Male Oromia Female Total Education levelMaleNational FemaleTotalMaleOromia FemaleTotal 1-4 44.64 50.15 47.02 48.11 54.84 50.95 1-444.6450.1547.0248.1154.8450.95 5-8 33.97 31.86 33.06 34.64 31.6 33.36 5-833.9731.8633.0634.6431.633.36 9-10 8.35 7.98 8.19 7.55 6.49 7.1 9-108.357.988.197.556.497.1 11-12 2.84 2.4 2.65 2.18 1.26 1.79 11-122.842.42.652.181.261.79 Certificate 0.7 1.05 0.85 0.67 0.82 0.74 Certificate0.71.050.850.670.820.74 Certificate not completed 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.39 0.23 0.32 Certificate not completed0.310.330.320.390.230.32 Diploma 2.48 2.38 2.44 2.17 1.98 2.09 Diploma2.482.382.442.171.982.09 Diploma and Degree not completed 1.45 1.14 1.32 1.43 0.88 1.2 Diploma and Degree not completed1.451.141.321.430.881.2 Degree 1.63 0.7 1.23 1.17 0.42 0.86 Degree1.630.71.231.170.420.86 Note stated 3.62 2.02 2.93 1.68 1.48 1.6 Note stated3.622.022.931.681.481.6  "},{"text":"Table 4 : Source of livelihood in Ethiopia and Oromia and their share in household expenses in 2011 Amount of expenditure (ETB/HH) % of households involved Amount of expenditure (ETB/HH)% of households involved  "},{"text":"Table 5 : Percentage of households owning common assets in Ethiopia and Oromia in 2011   Ethiopia   Oromia  EthiopiaOromia Type       Type  Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban TotalRuralUrbanTotalRuralUrban Livestock:       Livestock: Cattle-indigenous (except farm animals) 57.1 69.1 12.6 62.8 72.2 18.8 Cattle-indigenous (except farm animals)57.169.112.662.872.218.8 Farm animals 45.2 55.7 6.3 48.1 56.5 8.6 Farm animals45.255.76.348.156.58.6 Transport animals 9.9 12.2 1.1 14.4 17.1 2.0 Transport animals9.912.21.114.417.12.0 Other draft animals (except farm animals) 24.1 29.5 4.1 26.9 31.7 4.0 Other draft animals (except farm animals)24.129.54.126.931.74.0 Sheep and goat 43.7 52.9 9.7 48.1 55.5 12.9 Sheep and goat43.752.99.748.155.512.9 Chicken 48.0 57.1 14.4 48.9 55.4 18.2 Chicken48.057.114.448.955.418.2 Beehives-traditional 11.0 13.7 1.3 14.7 17.4 2.0 Beehives-traditional11.013.71.314.717.42.0 Equipment/furniture:       Equipment/furniture: Mofer/plough and kenber 51.8 63.8 7.6 54.5 64.3 8.7 Mofer/plough and kenber51.863.87.654.564.38.7 Sickle/machid 68.8 81.9 20.6 72.3 82.4 25.1 Sickle/machid68.881.920.672.382.425.1 Axe/\"Gejera\" 75.3 86.1 35.4 81.1 88.3 47.0 Axe/\"Gejera\"75.386.135.481.188.347.0 Pick axe or geso 62.3 72.9 23.3 65.2 73.0 28.4 Pick axe or geso62.372.923.365.273.028.4 Plough (traditional) 52.2 64.1 8.4 56.5 66.5 9.5 Plough (traditional)52.264.18.456.566.59.5 Blanket/gabi 90.4 88.8 95.9 89.4 88.1 95.7 Blanket/gabi90.488.895.989.488.195.7 Mattress and/or beds 65.8 58.0 94.9 73.4 68.5 96.6 Mattress and/or beds65.858.094.973.468.596.6 Wrist watch clock 32.8 29.1 46.5 36.1 33.8 46.8 Wrist watch clock32.829.146.536.133.846.8 Telephone (mobile) 25.2 13.6 68.4 25.9 17.3 66.3 Telephone (mobile)25.213.668.425.917.366.3 Radio/tape/radio 37.8 30.8 63.6 41.8 36.9 64.9 Radio/tape/radio37.830.863.641.836.964.9 Television 9.9 0.7 44.1 7.3 0.5 39.2 Television9.90.744.17.30.539.2  "},{"text":"Table 6 : Poverty head count and Gini coefficient (2010/11)     Type Total poverty Food poverty Gini coefficient TypeTotal povertyFood povertyGini coefficient Ethiopia:    Ethiopia: Urban 0.257 0.279 0.371 Urban0.2570.2790.371 Rural 0.304 0.347 0.274 Rural0.3040.3470.274 Total 0.296 0.336 0.298 Total0.2960.3360.298 Oromia:    Oromia: Urban 0.248 0.317  Urban0.2480.317 Rural 0.293 0.333  Rural0.2930.333 Total 0.287 0.331  Total0.2870.331  "},{"text":"Table 7 : Trend in total poverty (head count index)   Ethiopia   Oromia  EthiopiaOromia Year       Year  Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total RuralUrbanTotalRuralUrbanTotal 1995/96 0.475 0.332 0.455 0.347 0.276 0.340 1995/960.4750.3320.4550.3470.2760.340 1999/00 0.454 0.369 0.442 0.404 0.359 0.399 1999/000.4540.3690.4420.4040.3590.399 2004/05 0.393 0.351 0.387 0.372 0.346 0.370 2004/050.3930.3510.3870.3720.3460.370 2010/11 0.304 0.257 0.296 0.293 0.284 0.287 2010/110.3040.2570.2960.2930.2840.287  "},{"text":"Table 8 : Trend in food poverty (head count index) Year Rural Ethiopia Urban Total Rural Oromia Urban Total YearRuralEthiopia UrbanTotalRuralOromia UrbanTotal 1995/96 0.516 0.365 0.495 0.427 0.345 0.419 1995/960.5160.3650.4950.4270.3450.419 1999/00 0.411 0.467 0.419 0.367 0.491 0.380 1999/000.4110.4670.4190.3670.4910.380 2004/05 0.385 0.353 0.380 0.371 0.352 0.369 2004/050.3850.3530.3800.3710.3520.369 2010/11 0.347 0.279 0.336 0.333 0.317 0.331 2010/110.3470.2790.3360.3330.3170.331  "},{"text":"Table 9 : Proportion of food insecure households (%)    Ethiopia    Oromia  Project EthiopiaOromiaProject No. of food insecure months 2004 Total 2011 Rural Urban 2004 Total 2011 Rural Urban area 2004 No. of food insecure months2004Total2011 RuralUrban2004Total2011 RuralUrbanarea 2004 <1 8.6 17.8 16.4 29.8 7.3 23.7 23.1 29.0 8.1 <18.617.816.429.87.323.723.129.08.1 2-3 43.7 46.3 47.3 37.4 40.2 40.7 40.0 46.6 41.7 2-343.746.347.337.440.240.740.046.641.7 4-6 32.8 27.4 28.3 19.5 34.6 27.0 28.3 16.6 31.5 4-632.827.428.319.534.627.028.316.631.5 7-9 5.6 4.7 4.8 4.4 7.3 4.3 4.6 1.7 4.4 7-95.64.74.84.47.34.34.61.74.4 10-12 5.5 2.7 2.4 5.3 7.8 3.4 3.3 4.2 7.1 10-125.52.72.45.37.83.43.34.27.1 Not stated 3.8 1.1 0.8 3.6 2.8 0.8 0.7 2.0 7.3 Not stated3.81.10.83.62.80.80.72.07.3 Total food insecure 31.1 21.2 24.2 10.1 36.3 16.4 17.7 10.2 27.4 Total food insecure31.121.224.210.136.316.417.710.227.4 Source: CSA's WMS (2003 and 2011).         Source: CSA's WMS (2003 and 2011).  "},{"text":"Table 10 : Summary of food balance of Ethiopia in 2011 ('000 metric tonnes) Food type Domestic supply Utilization Balance Food typeDomestic supplyUtilizationBalance Cereals-excluding beer 18491 18493 -2 Cereals-excluding beer1849118493-2 Starchy roots 6227 6229 -2 Starchy roots62276229-2 Sugar crops 2500 2500 0 Sugar crops250025000 Sugar and sweeteners 580 580 0 Sugar and sweeteners5805800 Pulses 1907 1907 0 Pulses190719070 Tree nuts 68 68 0 Tree nuts68680 Oil crops 528 528 0 Oil crops5285280 Vegetable oils 335 334 1 Vegetable oils3353341 Vegetables 1697 1699 -2 Vegetables16971699-2 Fruits-excluding wine 757 757 0 Fruits-excluding wine7577570 Stimulants 101 101 0 Stimulants1011010 Spices 140 141 -1 Spices140141-1 Alcoholic beverages 822 822 0 Alcoholic beverages8228220 Meat 714 714 0 Meat7147140 Offal 133 134 -1 Offal133134-1 Animal fats 48 48 0 Animal fats48480 Eggs 39 39 0 Eggs39390 Milk-excluding butter 3625 3629 -4 Milk-excluding butter36253629-4 Fish, seafood 23 23 0 Fish, seafood23230 Infant food 1 1 0 Infant food110 Grand total 38736 38747 -11 Grand total3873638747-11 Source: FAO Statistical Data 2014 (data for 2011); http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E (Accessed Dec. 13/2014). Source: FAO Statistical Data 2014 (data for 2011); http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E (Accessed Dec. 13/2014).  "},{"text":"Table 11 : Nutrition status of the Ethiopian population (per person per day) in 2011 Food type Calorie (kcal) Protein (gr) Fat (gr) Food typeCalorie (kcal)Protein (gr)Fat (gr) Vegetal Products 1979 54.2 18.9 Vegetal Products197954.218.9 Animal Products 126 7.7 8.3 Animal Products1267.78.3 Cereals-excluding beer 1353 36.5 6 Cereals-excluding beer135336.56 Grand Total 2105 61.9 27.1 Grand Total210561.927.1 Source: FAO Statistical Data 2014 (data for 2011); http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E (Accessed Dec. 13/2014). Source: FAO Statistical Data 2014 (data for 2011); http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E (Accessed Dec. 13/2014).  "},{"text":"Table 12 : Initiation of breast-feeding (% of children among last-born children born in the past two years of the survey) Initiation of breast-feeding Urban Ethiopia Rural Total Oromia Initiation of breast-feedingUrbanEthiopia RuralTotalOromia Ever breastfed 95.2 97.8 97.5 98.0 Ever breastfed95.297.897.598.0 Within 1 hr of birth 57.1 50.6 51.5 52.6 Within 1 hr of birth57.150.651.552.6 Within 1 day of birth (includes within 1 hr) 83.2 79.7 80.2 83.6 Within 1 day of birth (includes within 1 hr)83.279.780.283.6 Started pre-lacteal feed 24.2 27.5 27.1 21.9 Started pre-lacteal feed24.227.527.121.9 Source: CSA (EDHS 2011).     Source: CSA (EDHS 2011).  "},{"text":"Table 13 : Feeding practices of children aged 6-23 months who are living with their mother (%) Feeding practices Urban Ethiopia Rural Total Oromia Feeding practicesUrbanEthiopia RuralTotalOromia Breast milk, milk, or milk products 96.4 95.7 95.8 95.7 Breast milk, milk, or milk products96.495.795.895.7 4+ food groups 12 3.6 4.8 6.1 4+ food groups123.64.86.1 Minimum meal frequency* 52.2 47.9 48.5 55.9 Minimum meal frequency*52.247.948.555.9 * Note: For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants of 6-8 months and at least three * Note: For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants of 6-8 months and at least three times a day for children of 9-23 months.     times a day for children of 9-23 months.  "},{"text":"Table 14 : Employment rate in Ethiopia in 2013 (% of total population aged above 10 years)   Ethiopia   Oromia  EthiopiaOromia Level Total Male Female Total Male Female LevelTotalMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemale Total 76.2 82.7 69.8 79.4 85.4 73.2 Total76.282.769.879.485.473.2 Urban 55.5 65.6 46.6 59.3 69.0 50.1 Urban55.565.646.659.369.050.1 Rural 81.6 86.9 76.3 83.0 88.2 77.5 Rural81.686.976.383.088.277.5  "},{"text":"Table 15 : Unemployment rate in Ethiopia in 2013 (% of active population)   Ethiopia   Oromia  EthiopiaOromia Level Total Male Female Total Male Female LevelTotalMaleFemaleTotalMaleFemale Total 4.5 2.7 6.5 3.0 1.7 4.6 Total4.52.76.53.01.74.6 Urban 16.5 10.5 23.0 13.6 8.6 19.5 Urban16.510.523.013.68.619.5 Rural 2.0 1.1 2.9 1.5 0.7 2.5 Rural2.01.12.91.50.72.5  "},{"text":"Table 16 : Employment of paid labour by sector in 2013 (%)   Ethiopia   Oromia  EthiopiaOromia Sector Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural SectorTotalUrban RuralTotalUrbanRural Agriculture, forestry and fishing 16.4 3.9 42.2 25.0 6.7 47.1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing16.43.942.225.06.747.1 Mining and quarrying 1.1 0.9 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 Mining and quarrying1.10.91.50.80.80.7 Manufacturing 9.4 11.6 4.8 8.9 11.7 5.5 Manufacturing9.411.64.88.911.75.5 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.8 1.3 0.1 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply0.60.80.10.81.30.1 Water supply; sewerage, waste management 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.3 0.7 Water supply; sewerage, waste management1.11.30.51.01.30.7 Construction 10.6 10.4 11.2 9.4 9.9 8.8 Construction10.610.411.29.49.98.8 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motors 4.3 5.4 1.9 4.3 5.0 3.5 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motors4.35.41.94.35.03.5 Transportation and storage 4.4 5.9 1.5 4.0 5.3 2.4 Transportation and storage4.45.91.54.05.32.4 Accommodation and food service activities 3.8 5.1 1.2 3.0 4.8 0.8 Accommodation and food service activities3.85.11.23.04.80.8 Information and communication 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.4 Information and communication1.21.60.30.81.10.4 Financial and insurance activities 3.0 4.1 0.6 2.1 3.5 0.4 Financial and insurance activities3.04.10.62.13.50.4 Real estate activities 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Real estate activities0.00.10.00.00.00.0 Professional, scientific and technical activities 2.9 3.7 1.3 2.7 3.9 1.1 Professional, scientific and technical activities2.93.71.32.73.91.1 Administrative and support service activities 2.9 3.8 1.0 2.4 3.5 0.9 Administrative and support service activities2.93.81.02.43.50.9 Education 15.8 14.5 18.4 15.1 16.6 13.2 Education15.814.518.415.116.613.2 Human health and social work activities 5.2 6.1 3.4 4.7 5.5 3.7 Human health and social work activities5.26.13.44.75.53.7 Arts, entertainment and recreation 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 Arts, entertainment and recreation0.60.80.20.40.50.3 Other service activities 4.0 4.6 2.8 3.7 4.5 2.8 Other service activities4.04.62.83.74.52.8 Activities of households as employers 5.5 6.8 2.7 4.1 4.2 4.1 Activities of households as employers5.56.82.74.14.24.1 Activities of extraterritorial organizations 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.3 Activities of extraterritorial organizations0.50.70.10.40.60.3  "},{"text":"Table 17 : Percentage of employees by salary/wage Salary/Wage (ETB/month) Total Ethiopia Urban Rural Total Oromia Urban Rural Salary/Wage (ETB/month)TotalEthiopia UrbanRuralTotalOromia UrbanRural <500 27.7 20.6 42.4 31.1 22.8 41.2 <50027.720.642.431.122.841.2 501-1000 24.0 23.3 25.5 24.4 23.5 25.5 501-100024.023.325.524.423.525.5 1001-1500 17.4 17.5 17.3 16.9 16.8 17.1 1001-150017.417.517.316.916.817.1 1501-2000 11.0 12.6 7.8 10.8 13.1 7.9 1501-200011.012.67.810.813.17.9 2001-2500 6.2 8.1 2.4 5.6 8.2 2.4 2001-25006.28.12.45.68.22.4 2501-3000 4.5 6.1 1.3 4.6 7.6 1.0 2501-30004.56.11.34.67.61.0 3001-3500 2.7 3.8 0.5 1.7 2.5 0.8 3001-35002.73.80.51.72.50.8 3501-4000 1.6 2.2 0.4 1.1 1.8 0.2 3501-40001.62.20.41.11.80.2 4000+ 3.5 4.9 0.6 1.8 2.6 1.0 4000+3.54.90.61.82.61.0 Not stated 1.2 0.9 2.0 1.9 1.0 3.0 Not stated1.20.92.01.91.03.0 Average 1,539 1,666 907 1,322 1,422 1,008 Average1,5391,6669071,3221,4221,008  "},{"text":"Table 18 : Health facility to population ratio in 2012/13  Population Number Hospital Ratio Health centre Number Ratio Number Health post Ratio PopulationNumberHospital RatioHealth centre Number RatioNumberHealth post Ratio National 85,729,000 127 1:675,031 3245 1:26,416 16,048 1:5342 National85,729,0001271:675,03132451:26,41616,0481:5342 Oromia 31,948,000 41 1:779,220 1215 1:26,295 6368 1:5017 Oromia31,948,000411:779,22012151:26,29563681:5017 Project area 13,008,284 12 1:1,084,024 442 1:29,431 2725 1:4774 Project area13,008,284121:1,084,0244421:29,43127251:4774  "},{"text":"Table 19 : Number of HEWs working in health posts in 2012/13   Population Number of HEWs Ratio PopulationNumber of HEWsRatio National* 85,729,000 34,850 1: 2460 National*85,729,00034,8501: 2460 Oromia* 31,948,000 14,121 1: 2262 Oromia*31,948,00014,1211: 2262 Project area** 13,008,284 5939 1: 2190 Project area**13,008,28459391: 2190 Source: * Health and Health related indicators, MoH (2012/13). ** Statistics Abstract, July 2012, Oromia BoFED. Source:* Health and Health related indicators, MoH (2012/13). ** Statistics Abstract, July 2012, Oromia BoFED. Access to sanitation facilities  Access to sanitation facilities Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is another MDG that Ethiopia shares with other countries. At the household Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is another MDG that Ethiopia shares with other countries. At the household level, adequate sanitation facilities include an improved toilet and disposal that separates waste from human contact. level, adequate sanitation facilities include an improved toilet and disposal that separates waste from human contact.  "},{"text":"Table 20 : Distribution of households (% coverage) by source of energy for lighting Sources of energy for lighting National Oromia Sources of energy for lightingNationalOromia Electricity (private) 9.3 7.6 Electricity (private)9.37.6 Electricity (shared) 13.5 11.6 Electricity (shared)13.511.6 Electrical battery 13.0 5.4 Electrical battery13.05.4 Kerosene 52.3 63.5 Kerosene52.363.5 Candle/wax 0.1 0.1 Candle/wax0.10.1 Firewood 11.2 11.3 Firewood11.211.3  "},{"text":"Table 21 : Access to market for agricultural products (%) Market for < 1 Distance in kilometers (Ethiopia 2011) 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 ³ 20 Not stated < 1 1-4 Distance in kilometers (Oromia 2011) 5-9 10-14 15-19 ³ 20 Not stated Market for< 1Distance in kilometers (Ethiopia 2011) 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 ³ 20 Not stated < 1 1-4Distance in kilometers (Oromia 2011) 5-9 10-14 15-19 ³ 20Not stated Food market 15.4 33.3 21.6 10.7 6.5 3.7 8.8 11.5 29.8 25.6 11.3 6.8 3.5 11.6 Food market15.433.3 21.6 10.76.53.7 8.811.5 29.825.6 11.36.83.511.6 Livestock market 6.3 19.4 23.8 18.4 12.5 9.9 9.7 4.4 15.5 26.3 19.6 13.1 9.3 11.9 Livestock market6.319.4 23.8 18.412.59.9 9.74.415.526.3 19.613.19.311.9  "},{"text":"Table 22 : Access to information (%) Source of Distance in kilometers (Ethiopia 2011) Distance in kilometers (Oromia 2011)  Source ofDistance in kilometers (Ethiopia 2011)Distance in kilometers (Oromia 2011) information         information       7.7 23.9 10.9 7.723.910.9 Internet service 39.4 31.6 6.4 2.2 2.5 13.6 4.4 12.0 26.8 15.0 4.6 4.2 26.0 11.4 Internet service39.4 31.6 6.42.22.513.6 4.412.0 26.8 15.0 4.64.226.011.4  "},{"text":"Table 23 : Ethnic composition of the people in the project area No Ethnic group Percent NoEthnic groupPercent 1 Oromo 90.4 1Oromo90.4 2 Amhara 6.6 2Amhara6.6 3 Maho 0.2 3Maho0.2 4 Guragie 0.7 4Guragie0.7 5 Tigre 0.2 5Tigre0.2 6 Others 2.0 6Others2.0  "},{"text":" The national strategy for industrialization to be led by agricultural development puts agriculture at the forefront of Ethiopia's development process. The strategy of ADLI is reflected in Ethiopia's poverty reduction strategy-the Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) which is launched in 2006 states that the key challenge for reducing poverty and providing the foundation for long-term growth is to ensure rapid and sustained increase in land and labour productivity. In PASDEP the central theme is accelerated, market-based agricultural development, focusing on Ethiopia's 13 million smallholder farm households, which produce around 96% of country's agricultural output.PASDEP was developed from Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP) and it is the first five-year plan to attain the minimum level goals and targets set to align with the MDGs. The main objective of PASDEP was to pave the groundwork for the attainment of the MDGs by 2015 through accelerated, sustained, and peoplecentred economic development. Among the eight Pillar Strategies developed under PASDEP, the major emphasis was on greater commercialization of agriculture and enhancing private sector development, industry, urban development and a scaling-up of efforts to achieve the MDGs.The latest five-year development plan for Ethiopia i.e. Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) was developed in 2010/2011 and founded on the experience and practices of PASDEP. GTP is an advanced strategy, intended to sustain rapid and broad-based growth path witnessed during the past years to eventually end poverty. GTP strategy in relation to agriculture include the shift to produce high value crops, a special focus on high-potential areas, facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, and supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture where it is feasible. The focus of the government effort to promote agricultural growth is to strengthen rural capacity, including agricultural extension, training, and research; to support farmer cooperatives; to invest in rural infrastructure such as roads and water resources development (particularly in food insecure areas)  "},{"text":" The policy clearly outlined the sectoral environmental policies, relevant to environmental management among others are: (i) soil husbandry and sustainable agriculture; (ii) forests, woodlands and trees; (iii) genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity; (iv) water resources; (v) energy resources; (vi) human settlement, urban environment and environmental health; and (vii) environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA).  "},{"text":" to make it more transparent, attractive and competitive. Major positive changes regarding foreign investments have been introduced through Investment ProclamationNo.280/2002 and Regulations No.84/2003. As a result of the implementation of the policies and strategies, agricultural and industrial production, investment and export trade are growing steadily from year to year both in terms of variety and volume. Moreover, due to the investment-friendly environment created in the country, the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been increasing over the last twenty years. Accordingly, out of the total investment projects licensed between 1992-2012, FDI's share is about 15.71%. However, the overall trend of investment in 2009/10 both the total number of projects and capital invested declined.The Commercial Code of 1960 provides the legal framework for undertaking business activities in Ethiopia. The constitution, in accordance with Article 40, ensures the right of every citizen to the ownership of private property, including the right to acquire, use and dispose of such property. The Investment Proclamation (2002) guarantees investors against measures of expropriation or nationalization, and specifies advance payment of compensation 'corresponding to the prevailing market value of a private property earmarked for expropriation or nationalization for public interest. This Proclamation also gives a foreign investor the right to own a dwelling house and other immovable property necessary for his investment. The government may expropriate property for public interest, strictly according to the law and only after making adequate compensation.The Investment Proclamation of 2002, as amended in 2003, and the Regulations on Investment Incentives and Investment Areas Reserved for Domestic Investors of 2003, as amended in 2008, constitutes the main legal framework for both foreign and domestic investment in Ethiopia. The Council of Ministers Regulations No.84/2003, as amended in 2008, specifies the areas of investment eligible for investment incentives as follows:  "},{"text":" , livestock disease and marketing, cooperative development agencies, etc. are major agencies for implementing as well as monitoring and evaluation of government and donor funded programs.Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) together with its development allies are implementing agricultural programs to realize the GTP in agriculture. The MoA and agencies like the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA); Federal Cooperative Agency; and other Ministries like Ministry of Federal Affairs implement national policies, strategies to meet agriculture sector goals mainly to reduce poverty; increase productivity; improve dissemination and adoption of technologies; coordinate rural and agricultural development efforts of partners participating in extension services; create access to inputs (improved seed, fertilizer, pesticides); credit and market. These institutions also work on improving agricultural systems and create awareness on the management and conservation of natural resource. MoA is also responsible for coordinating relief and disaster management programs. The EIAR and RARIs are mandated for technology generation and pre-extension and demonstration tasks at different agro-ecological conditions of the country. The Ministry of Federal Affairs is mandated to coordinate pastoral and agro-pastoral areas to reduce poverty by engaging in agricultural activities to ensure food security.  "},{"text":"Table 24 : Opportunities, constraints and risks for service development Service Opportunities Constraints Associated risks ServiceOpportunitiesConstraintsAssociated risks Health -Workable policy framework and high priority in the GTP -Most of the health programs -Epidemics like Ebola, Health-Workable policy framework and high priority in the GTP-Most of the health programs-Epidemics like Ebola,  -Availability of special budget for MDG targeted areas are donor dependent Cholera, and Malaria -Availability of special budget for MDG targeted areasare donor dependentCholera, and Malaria  -High commitment of government bodies -Encouraging health system strengthening interventions -Budget constraint resources -Inefficient use of the available -Budget cuts from donors -High commitment of government bodies -Encouraging health system strengthening interventions-Budget constraint resources -Inefficient use of the available-Budget cuts from donors  -Multi-sectoral coordination in the health system   -Multi-sectoral coordination in the health system  -Better human resource development   -Better human resource development  -High involvement of private sectors and engagement of many   -High involvement of private sectors and engagement of many  partners   partners  -Better expansion of infrastructures (health facilities, electricity,   -Better expansion of infrastructures (health facilities, electricity,  telecom, roads, etc.)   telecom, roads, etc.)  -Implementations of different reforms   -Implementations of different reforms  -Health extension program   -Health extension program  -Encouraging research and development activities done by   -Encouraging research and development activities done by  different stakeholders   different stakeholders Nutrition -Agriculture-centred Rural Development Policy and Strategy   Nutrition-Agriculture-centred Rural Development Policy and Strategy  -National nutrition strategy and high priority in the GTP   -National nutrition strategy and high priority in the GTP  -Many nutrition projects/initiatives   -Many nutrition projects/initiatives  -Better use of new agricultural technologies that helps to in-   -Better use of new agricultural technologies that helps to in-  creases productivity   creases productivity  -Food Security Program (2010 to 2014) puts nutrition a core task   -Food Security Program (2010 to 2014) puts nutrition a core task  -Multi-sectoral approaches to integrate interventions on nutrition   -Multi-sectoral approaches to integrate interventions on nutrition  and food security   and food security  -Nutrition as a basis for multi-sectoral coordination in the health   -Nutrition as a basis for multi-sectoral coordination in the health  system and food security programs.   system and food security programs.  "},{"text":"Table 25 : Association of farming system and gradients Dominant farming system Lowland (500-1500 masl) Midland (1500-2500 masl) Highland >2500 masl Dominant farming systemLowland (500-1500 masl)Midland (1500-2500 masl)Highland >2500 masl Livestock    Livestock Sesame    Sesame Sorghum    Sorghum Maize    Maize Wheat    Wheat Teff    Teff Barely    Barely  "},{"text":"Table 26 : Average area and allocation by crop in 2013/2014 Crop type Ethiopia Area per holder (ha) Oromia Project sites Ethiopia % of area allocation Oromia Project sites Crop typeEthiopiaArea per holder (ha) Oromia Project sitesEthiopia% of area allocation Oromia Project sites Cereals 0.73 0.86 0.73 72.1 72.3 71.1 Cereals0.730.860.7372.172.371.1 Pulses 0.21 0.23 0.14 12.8 10.9 7.6 Pulses0.210.230.1412.810.97.6 Oilseeds 0.22 0.25 0.23 6.0 5.8 8.6 Oilseeds0.220.250.236.05.88.6 Vegetables 0.03 0.03 0.02 1.2 1.2 0.9 Vegetables0.030.030.021.21.20.9 Root crops 0.03 0.04 0.02 1.5 1.3 0.9 Root crops0.030.040.021.51.30.9 Fruits 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.5 0.4 0.6 Fruits0.020.020.020.50.40.6 Others 0.08 0.13 0.11 6.0 8.1 10.4 Others0.080.130.116.08.110.4  "},{"text":"Table 27 : Average production in the project area (tonne/HH) Crop type Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Crop typeEthiopiaOromiaProject sites Cereals 1.6 2.1 2.1 Cereals1.62.12.1 Pulses 0.3 0.4 0.3 Pulses0.30.40.3 Oilseeds 0.2 0.2 0.3 Oilseeds0.20.20.3 Vegetables 0.1 0.1 0.1 Vegetables0.10.10.1 Root crops 0.6 0.7 0.3 Root crops0.60.70.3 Fruit crops 0.1 0.1 0.1 Fruit crops0.10.10.1 Others 0.2 0.2 0.2 Others0.20.20.2  "},{"text":"Table 28 : Trend of production in the project area (tonne/HH) Year Cereals Pulse Oilseeds Vegetables Root crops Fruits Coffee Others YearCerealsPulseOilseedsVegetablesRoot cropsFruitsCoffeeOthers 2007 2.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 20072.20.40.20.10.30.10.20.1 2008 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 20081.60.30.20.00.20.10.20.2 2009 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 20091.50.20.20.10.20.10.20.1 2010 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 20101.50.30.20.10.20.10.20.1 2011 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 20111.90.30.20.10.20.20.20.1 2012 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 20121.90.30.20.10.20.10.20.1 2013 2.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 20132.10.30.30.10.30.10.10.1  "},{"text":"Table 29 : Average area allocated to major cereals and proportion of growers   Average area (ha/HH) % area allocated (of all crops) % of producers (of all crops) Average area (ha/HH)% area allocated (of all crops)% of producers (of all crops) Crop Ethiopia Oromia Project area Ethiopia Oromia Project area Ethiopia Oromia Project area CropEthiopiaOromiaProject areaEthiopiaOromiaProject areaEthiopiaOromiaProject area Teff 0.46 0.56 0.39 24.3 24.7 26.1 46.9 45.7 59.4 Teff0.460.560.3924.324.726.146.945.759.4 Wheat 0.34 0.43 0.17 12.9 14.8 6.4 33.7 35.8 32.6 Wheat0.340.430.1712.914.86.433.735.832.6 Maize 0.23 0.28 0.30 16.1 19.2 26.9 62.5 70.5 79.2 Maize0.230.280.3016.119.226.962.570.579.2 Sorghum 0.35 0.32 0.26 13.5 11.8 13.0 34.0 38.5 43.9 Sorghum0.350.320.2613.511.813.034.038.543.9  "},{"text":"Table 30 : Trend of productivity of crops in project area (tonnes/ha) Year Cereals Pulse Oilseeds Vegetables Root crops Fruits Coffee Others YearCerealsPulseOilseedsVegetablesRoot cropsFruitsCoffeeOthers 2007 1.7 1.2 0.6 3.6 7.2 9.8 0.9 8.2 20071.71.20.63.67.29.80.98.2 2008 1.6 1.2 0.6 3.2 7.1 7.9 0.7 4.3 20081.61.20.63.27.17.90.74.3 2009 1.7 1.4 0.6 2.9 7.5 7.7 0.7 3.7 20091.71.40.62.97.57.70.73.7 2010 1.9 1.5 0.7 6.8 7.8 7.9 0.7 4.8 20101.91.50.76.87.87.90.74.8 2011 2.1 1.5 0.7 3.8 7.5 8.0 0.7 5.7 20112.11.50.73.87.58.00.75.7 2012 2.2 1.5 0.8 4.0 13.1 6.3 0.2 3.5 20122.21.50.84.013.16.30.23.5 2013 2.4 1.7 0.7 5.3 12.9 6.0 0.7 3.4 20132.41.70.75.312.96.00.73.4  "},{"text":"Table 31 : Trend in consumption of crops in project site Year Grain crops Cereals Pulses Oil seeds Vegetables Root crops Permanent crops YearGrain cropsCerealsPulsesOil seedsVegetablesRoot cropsPermanent crops 2007 63 67 66 32 83 77 62 200763676632837762 2008 62 67 67 32 79 77 62 200862676732797762 2012 62 66 66 33 78 75 62 201262666633787562 2013 61 64 66 38 77 77 61 201361646638777761 Average 62 66 66 34 79 76 62 Average62666634797662  "},{"text":"Table 32 : Trend in sales of crops in project site Year Grain crops Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Vegetables Root crops Permanent crops YearGrain cropsCerealsPulsesOilseedsVegetablesRoot cropsPermanent crops 2007 19 15 16 52 15 15 38 200719151652151538 2008 20 14 16 53 15 14 34 200820141653151434 2012 21 15 18 52 21 10 34 201221151852211034 2013 21 16 18 48 20 14 36 201321161848201436 Average 20 15 17 51 18 13 36 Average20151751181336  "},{"text":"Table 33 : Proportion of crop area damaged by pest (%) Cause of damage All crops Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Vegetables Cause of damageAll cropsCerealsPulsesOilseedsVegetables All damage 79 21 64 12 48 All damage7921641248 Frost or floods 23 4 12 2 5 Frost or floods2341225 Locust 4 1 - - - Locust41--- Shortage of rain 2 0 - - - Shortage of rain20--- Too much rain 40 5 10 1 5 Too much rain4051015 Wild animals 3 0 - - - Wild animals30--- Birds 11 2 3 0 - Birds11230- Hailstone 11 2 3 0 2 Hailstone112302 Pests 5 1 3 0 1 Pests51301 Weeds 15 3 5 1 - Weeds15351- Others 34 6 16 3 13 Others34616313  "},{"text":"Table 34 : Access to agricultural services (%)   Distance in kilometers (Ethiopia 2011)   Distance in kilometers (Oromia 2011) Distance in kilometers (Ethiopia 2011)Distance in kilometers (Oromia 2011) Services <1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 ³20 Not stated <1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 ³ 20 Not stated Services<11-45-910-1415-19 ³20Not stated<11-45-910-14 15-19 ³ 20Not stated Agricultural extension 11.6 45.5 21.0 7.1 2.5 2.2 10.1 9.0 45.4 19.3 7.0 2.9 3.4 13.1 Agricultural extension11.645.521.0 7.12.52.210.19.045.4 19.3 7.02.93.413.1 Veterinary 9.1 32.7 27.4 11.6 6.2 2.5 10.5 6.4 30.0 27.4 13.6 7.5 2.5 12.6 Veterinary9.132.727.4 11.66.22.510.56.430.0 27.4 13.67.52.512.6 Fertilizer supply 8.4 33.8 25.5 10.5 6.8 5.7 9.4 6.0 30.8 27.6 10.3 8.0 6.9 10.4 Fertilizer supply8.433.825.5 10.56.85.79.46.030.8 27.6 10.38.06.910.4 Improved seeds supply 8.3 32.5 24.7 11.6 6.4 6.7 9.8 6.7 27.1 26.3 12.6 8.2 8.8 10.4 Improved seeds supply 8.332.524.7 11.66.46.79.86.727.1 26.3 12.68.28.810.4 Pesticides 7.6 28.2 23.7 13.0 8.9 8.1 10.5 5.7 26.6 25.0 13.1 9.2 7.6 12.9 Pesticides7.628.223.7 13.08.98.110.55.726.6 25.0 13.19.27.612.9  "},{"text":"Table 35 : Average area covered with fertilize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013 (ha/HH)   Ethiopia   Oromia   Project area EthiopiaOromiaProject area Crops DAP Urea DAP and Urea DAP Urea DAP and Urea DAP Urea DAP and Urea CropsDAPUreaDAP and UreaDAPUreaDAP and UreaDAPUreaDAP and Urea All crops 0.48 0.26 0.60 0.64 0.33 0.69 0.55 0.18 0.66 All crops0.480.260.600.640.330.690.550.180.66 Cereals 0.49 0.28 0.58 0.61 0.32 0.67 0.54 0.27 0.65 Cereals0.490.280.580.610.320.670.540.270.65 Pulse 0.15 0.07 0.09 0.21 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.11 0.13 Pulse0.150.070.090.210.080.120.180.110.13 Oilseeds 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.17 0.16 0.10 0.08 - 0.05 Oilseeds0.140.140.090.170.160.100.08-0.05 Vegetables 0.05 0.04 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.06 0.02 Vegetables0.050.040.100.080.090.110.010.060.02 Root crops 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.09 0.07 - 0.07 Root crops0.050.030.060.080.040.090.07-0.07  "},{"text":"Table 36 : Average quantity of fertilize used in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013 (kg/ha)   Ethiopia  Oromia   Project area EthiopiaOromiaProject area Crops DAP Urea DAP and Urea DAP Urea DAP and Urea DAP Urea DAP and Urea CropsDAPUreaDAP and UreaDAPUreaDAP and UreaDAPUreaDAP and Urea All crops 37 16 94 47 21 105 39 10 102 All crops37169447211053910102 Cereals 37 17 89 45 20 100 37 12 100 Cereals37178945201003712100 Pulse 11 4 15 15 5 16 14  15 Pulse11415155161415 Oilseeds 8 8 16 8 10 14 2  10 Oilseeds881681014210 Vegetables 5 3 24 8 6 20 2 3 3 Vegetables53248620233 Root crops 6 2 12 8 3 17 7  13 Root crops62128317713  "},{"text":"Table 37 : Trend of quantity of fertilizer use (kg/ha) Year All crops Ethiopia Cereals Pulse Oromia All crops Cereals Pulse Project area All crops Cereals Pulse YearAll cropsEthiopia CerealsPulseOromia All cropsCerealsPulseProject area All cropsCerealsPulse 2006 110 105 131 108 105 106 107 107 112 2006110105131108105106107107112 2007 122 122 114 112 110 89 154 149 160 200712212211411211089154149160 2008 83 115 98 110 107 81 94 92 24 2008831159811010781949224 2009 61 58 35 134 115 -  - - 2009615835134115--- 2010 77 102 100 95 93 78 106 104 85 20107710210095937810610485 2011 106 85 101 13 12 77 36 34 65 201110685101131277363465 2012 108 108 89 45 100 75 113 113 97 201210810889451007511311397 2013 122 122 50 112 113 85 98 123 88 201312212250112113859812388  "},{"text":" Figure 54: Trend of number of farmers using pesticide (all crops).   3,000       3,000   2,500       2,500  Area ('000 ha) 1,000 1,500 2,000       Area ('000 ha)1,000 1,500 2,000   500       500   - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -20062007200820092010201120122013  Ethiopia 1,739 1,885 1,884 1,493 2,244 2,271 2,772 2,762 Ethiopia1,7391,8851,8841,4932,2442,2712,7722,762  Oromia 1,327 1,365 1,410 953 1,687 1,710 2,007 1,973 Oromia1,3271,3651,4109531,6871,7102,0071,973  Project area 650 488 745  727 799 888 1,137 Project area6504887457277998881,137  5,000,000       5,000,000  4,500,000       4,500,000  4,000,000       4,000,000 No. of farmers 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000       No. of farmers1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000  1,000,000       1,000,000  500,000       500,000   - 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -20062007200820092010201120122013  Ethiopia 2,758,634 3,042,760 3,043,278 3,164,053 3,508,928 3,482,619 4,355,884 4,209,599 Ethiopia2,758,634 3,042,760 3,043,278 3,164,053 3,508,928 3,482,619 4,355,884 4,209,599  Oromia 1,778,446 1,870,141 1,949,655 1,651,087 2,074,714 2,156,916 2,568,732 2,459,807 Oromia1,778,446 1,870,141 1,949,655 1,651,087 2,074,714 2,156,916 2,568,732 2,459,807  Project area 967,295 960,252 864,346  1,072,346 1,170,275 1,357,374 1,518,325 Project area 967,295960,252864,3461,072,346 1,170,275 1,357,374 1,518,325  "},{"text":"Table 39 : Trend in livestock population   Ethiopia   Oromia   Project area  EthiopiaOromiaProject area Year Cattle Shoats Draft animals Cattle Shoats Draft animals Cattle Shoats Draft animals YearCattleShoatsDraft animalsCattleShoatsDraft animalsCattleShoatsDraft animals  "},{"text":"Table 40 : Estimated number of diseased livestock ('000 heads)   Ethiopia   Oromia   Project area  EthiopiaOromiaProject area Year Cattle Shoats Draft animal Cattle Shoats Draft animal Cattle Shoats Draft animal YearCattleShoatsDraft animalCattleShoatsDraft animalCattleShoatsDraft animal  "},{"text":"Table 41 : Proportion of livestock feed in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013 (%) Type of feed Ethiopia Oromia Project area Type of feedEthiopiaOromiaProject area Green fodder 57.13 65.48 78.84 Green fodder57.1365.4878.84 Crop residue 29.29 25.28 15.74 Crop residue29.2925.2815.74 Improved feed 0.23 0.21 0.06 Improved feed0.230.210.06 Hay 7.24 2.95 1.61 Hay7.242.951.61 By-product 1.17 1.27 0.38 By-product1.171.270.38 Others 4.94 4.81 3.38 Others4.944.813.38 Total 100 100 100 Total100100100  "},{"text":"Table 42 : Trend of livestock feed proportion in project area Year Green fodder Crop residue Improved feed Hay By-product Others YearGreen fodderCrop residueImproved feedHayBy-productOthers 2006 81.6 13.3 0.1 1.0 1.0 3.1 200681.613.30.11.01.03.1 2007 81.8 13.1 0.1 1.1 0.8 3.1 200781.813.10.11.10.83.1 2008 81.4 13.3 0.1 1.3 0.6 3.4 200881.413.30.11.30.63.4 2010 79.9 14.7 0.1 1.2 0.7 3.4 201079.914.70.11.20.73.4 2011 80.7 13.9 0.1 1.3 0.4 3.6 201180.713.90.11.30.43.6 2012 79.6 15.1 0.1 1.3 0.3 3.5 201279.615.10.11.30.33.5 2013 78.8 15.7 0.1 1.6 0.4 3.4 201378.815.70.11.60.43.4  "},{"text":"Table 43 : Opportunities, constraints and risks for crop and livestock production Activities Opportunities Constraints Associated Risks ActivitiesOpportunitiesConstraintsAssociated Risks Crop Policy support for crop production Shortage of agricultural inputs High rain fall CropPolicy support for crop productionShortage of agricultural inputsHigh rain fall production Good rain fall distribution about six High cost of inputs Crop disease like (MND) productionGood rain fall distribution about sixHigh cost of inputsCrop disease like (MND)  months Lack of fertilizer at recommended rate and pests monthsLack of fertilizer at recommended rateand pests  Farm land availability for different crops Soil and water erosion/ Farm land availabilityfor different cropsSoil and water erosion/  Favourable climate Lack of capacity of the farmers to flood Favourable climateLack of capacity of the farmers toflood  Rich experience of farmers purchase the required inputs Lack of irrigation technology as well as skill in irrigation use Wild animals are major causes of pre-harvest loss Rich experience of farmerspurchase the required inputs Lack of irrigation technology as well as skill in irrigation useWild animals are major causes of pre-harvest loss   Limited access to credit High post harvest loss Limited access to creditHigh post harvest loss    Increasing soil acidity and Increasing soil acidity and    salinity salinity Livestock Policy support for livestock production Livestock disease Livestock pests and LivestockPolicy support for livestock productionLivestock diseaseLivestock pests and production Favourable climate for livestock Lack of sufficient veterinary services diseases productionFavourable climate for livestockLack of sufficient veterinary servicesdiseases  Availability of water and communal Not sufficient artificial insemination  Availability of water and communalNot sufficient artificial insemination  grazing lands service  grazing landsservice   Lack of knowledge and credit to invest  Lack of knowledge and credit to invest   in livestock as an enterprise  in livestock as an enterprise   Lack of improved breed  Lack of improved breed   Lack of dependable input supply  Lack of dependable input supply   system including feed and drugs  system including feed and drugs   Feed shortage  Feed shortage  "},{"text":"Table 44 : Primary cooperatives involved in agricultural products marketing Type of Cooperatives No of coops Male Members Female Total Capital in ETB Type of CooperativesNo of coopsMaleMembers FemaleTotalCapital in ETB Ethiopia: 16,447 4,994,472 1,201,668 6,196,140 2,705,378,184 Ethiopia:16,4474,994,4721,201,6686,196,1402,705,378,184 Crop and livestock production and marketing/ multipurpose 11,076 4,423,621 901,359 5,324,980 1,906,949,709 Crop and livestock production and marketing/ multipurpose11,0764,423,621901,3595,324,9801,906,949,709 Coffee 223 91,388 4,594 95,982 213,092,872 Coffee22391,3884,59495,982213,092,872 Livestock 2203 58,585 18,642 77,227 87,905,707 Livestock220358,58518,64277,22787,905,707 Consumer 2945 420,878 277,073 697,951 497,429,896 Consumer2945420,878277,073697,951497,429,896 Oromia: 7129 1,905,777 180,715 2,086,492 924,650,691 Oromia:71291,905,777180,7152,086,492924,650,691 Crop and livestock production and marketing/ multipurpose 5483 1,792,546 130,895 1,923,441 762,084,051 Crop and livestock production and marketing/ multipurpose54831,792,546130,8951,923,441762,084,051 Coffee 55 3,663 475 4138 7,099,011 Coffee553,66347541387,099,011 Livestock 340 11,129 3832 14,961 27,156,272 Livestock34011,129383214,96127,156,272 Consumer 1251 98,439 45,513 143,952 128,311,357 Consumer125198,43945,513143,952128,311,357  "},{"text":"Table 45 : Cooperative unions involved in marketing of agricultural products Type of cooperatives unions No of unions Male Members Female Total Capital in ETB Type of cooperatives unionsNo of unionsMaleMembers FemaleTotalCapital in ETB Crop and livestock production and marketing/multipurpose 1817 1,822,300 530,263 2,352,563 496,531,745 Crop and livestock production and marketing/multipurpose18171,822,300530,2632,352,563496,531,745 Livestock 272 17,049 3858 20,907 14,690,258 Livestock27217,049385820,90714,690,258 Consumer 323 69,725 45,186 114,911 44,039,792 Consumer32369,72545,186114,91144,039,792 Total 2412 1,909,074 579,307 2,488,381 555,261,795 Total24121,909,074579,3072,488,381555,261,795 Source: Federal Cooperative Agency (2013).      Source: Federal Cooperative Agency (2013).  "},{"text":"Table 46 : Number of large and medium scale agro processing manufacturing industries in Ethiopia Sr. No Descriptions Ethiopia Oromia Sr. NoDescriptionsEthiopiaOromia 1 Number of Industries 455 103 1Number of Industries455103 2 Capital in '000 ETB 4,006,871 2,265,156 2Capital in '000 ETB4,006,8712,265,156 3 Annual Production Capacity in '000 ETB 7,402,129 3,298,345 3Annual Production Capacity in '000 ETB7,402,1293,298,345 4 Utilization of production capacity (%) 67.41 55.33 4Utilization of production capacity (%)67.4155.33 5 Output market share   5Output market share  Local (%) 97.43 97.65 Local (%)97.4397.65  Export (%) 2.57 2.35 Export (%)2.572.35 6 Imported Inputs (% 11.24 6.77 6Imported Inputs (%11.246.77 Source: Ministry of Trade and Industry (2012): Accessed on 21 December 2014.   Source: Ministry of Trade and Industry (2012): Accessed on 21 December 2014.  "},{"text":"Table 47 : Free-on-board value of exports over the last four years Type of crops 2010 Value in USD over four years 2011 2012 2013 Proportion in total export earnings (%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Type of crops2010Value in USD over four years 2011 20122013Proportion in total export earnings (%) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Cereals: 20,795,985 25,631,349 7,860,430 9,920,401 0.97 1.01 0.29 0.38 Cereals:20,795,98525,631,3497,860,4309,920,4010.971.010.290.38 Wheat - 3081 155,577 9608 - 0.00 0.01 0.00 Wheat-3081155,5779608-0.000.010.00 Barley 28,800 7720 8217 12,460 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Barley28,8007720821712,4600.000.000.000.00 Maize 9,811,182 14,778,203 - - 0.46 0.58 - - Maize9,811,18214,778,203--0.460.58-- Sorghum 7,202,022 6,549,480 2,512,923 894,833 0.34 0.26 0.09 0.03 Sorghum7,202,0226,549,4802,512,923894,8330.340.260.090.03 Teff (Injera) 2,453,443 3,284,288 4,315,923 7,876,846 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.30 Teff (Injera)2,453,4433,284,2884,315,9237,876,8460.110.130.160.30 Millet 6904 24,634 10,713 41,639 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Millet690424,63410,71341,6390.000.000.000.00 Oats 63,090 101,376 98,114 204,748 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Oats63,090101,37698,114204,7480.000.000.000.01 Others (Brade, flour, cake, etc.) 1,230,545 882,567 758,962 880,267 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 Others (Brade, flour, cake, etc.)1,230,545882,567758,962880,2670.060.030.030.03 Pulses 125,068,790 134,225,153 186,392,279 222,791,394 5.82 5.28 6.80 8.60 Pulses125,068,790134,225,153186,392,279 222,791,394 5.825.286.808.60 Oil and oil crops: 336,646,461 365,056,312 484,033,424 497,910,039 15.68 14.36 17.66 19.22 Oil and oil crops:336,646,461365,056,312484,033,424 497,910,039 15.6814.3617.66 19.22 Oil crops 332,991,159 362,081,214 481,925,853 487,854,104 15.51 14.24 17.58 18.83 Oil crops332,991,159362,081,214481,925,853 487,854,104 15.5114.2417.58 18.83 Semi processed oils crops 3,655,302 2,975,099 2,107,572 10,055,935 0.17 0.12 0.08 0.39 Semi processed oils crops3,655,3022,975,0992,107,57210,055,9350.170.120.080.39 Stimulants: 911,507,733 999,813,767 879,656,044 607,100,584 42.45 39.33 32.09 23.43 Stimulants:911,507,733999,813,767879,656,044 607,100,584 42.4539.3332.09 23.43 Coffee 676,642,646 836,284,642 878,958,233 606,340,399 31.51 32.89 32.06 23.40 Coffee676,642,646836,284,642878,958,233 606,340,399 31.5132.8932.06 23.40  "},{"text":"Table 48 : Quantity of livestock and livestock products exports during the last four years Type of livestock and products 2010 Quantity exported in tonnes 2011 2012 2013 2010 % of quantity export 2011 2012 2013 Type of livestock and products2010Quantity exported in tonnes 2011 2012 20132010% of quantity export 2011 20122013 Type of live animals         Type of live animals Cattle 51,239.1 97,842.5 63,707.3 68,967.8 44.20 58.30 45.57 50.90 Cattle51,239.1 97,842.5 63,707.3 68,967.844.2058.3045.5750.90 Sheep 3099.3 7722.8 11,151.7 10,924.6 2.67 4.60 7.98 8.06 Sheep3099.37722.811,151.7 10,924.62.674.607.988.06 Goats 204.3 1096.8 1014.5 1298.8 0.18 0.65 0.73 0.96 Goats204.31096.81014.51298.80.180.650.730.96 Camels 37,264.0 32,186.7 40,766.3 23,304.0 32.15 19.18 29.16 17.20 Camels37,264.0 32,186.7 40,766.3 23,304.032.1519.1829.1617.20 Horses and Mules 275.7 79.3 - 6.7 0.24 0.05 - 0.00 Horses and Mules275.779.3-6.70.240.05-0.00 Other live animals (reptiles, etc) 2272.8 0.9 1.6 2.5 1.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 Other live animals (reptiles, etc) 2272.80.91.62.51.960.000.000.00 Subtotals 94,355.3 138,929.0 116,641.4 104,504.3 81.40 82.78 83.43 77.13 Subtotals94,355.3 138,929.0 116,641.4 104,504.381.4082.7883.4377.13 Livestock products:         Livestock products: Bovine meat 913.0 2907.3 837.5 123.3 0.79 1.73 0.60 0.09 Bovine meat913.02907.3837.5123.30.791.730.600.09 Lamp/sheep meat 1735.9 2401.1 2091.1 1319.1 1.50 1.43 1.50 0.97 Lamp/sheep meat1735.92401.12091.11319.11.501.431.500.97 Goat meat 7949.3 12,306.2 11,549.2 11,986.2 6.86 7.33 8.26 8.85 Goat meat7949.312,306.2 11,549.2 11,986.26.867.338.268.85 Offals of sheep, goat and horses 3030.2 1041.0 1275.9 1172.2 2.61 0.62 0.91 0.87 Offals of sheep, goat and horses 3030.21041.01275.91172.22.610.620.910.87 Bones and others 69.5 532.4 370.3 367.3 0.06 0.32 0.26 0.27 Bones and others69.5532.4370.3367.30.060.320.260.27 Fish and others related meat 849.5 824.8 926.9 770.1 0.73 0.49 0.66 0.57 Fish and others related meat849.5824.8926.9770.10.730.490.660.57 Milk and related 2594.6 1979.3 2196.5 2273.4 2.24 1.18 1.57 1.68 Milk and related2594.61979.32196.52273.42.241.181.571.68 Poultry and egg 243.3 227.0 204.0 159.7 0.21 0.14 0.15 0.12 Poultry and egg243.3227.0204.0159.70.210.140.150.12 Honey 615.2 728.6 726.7 8827.7 0.53 0.43 0.52 6.52 Honey615.2728.6726.78827.70.530.430.526.52 Wax 310.5 358.0 347.6 341.4 0.27 0.21 0.25 0.25 Wax310.5358.0347.6341.40.270.210.250.25 Hides and skins 3251.4 5589.2 2643.1 3641.4 2.80 3.33 1.89 2.69 Hides and skins3251.45589.22643.13641.42.803.331.892.69 Sub totals 21,562.4 28,895.0 23,168.6 30,981.8 18.60 17.22 16.57 22.87 Sub totals21,562.4 28,895.0 23,168.6 30,981.818.6017.2216.5722.87 Totals 115,918 167,824 139,810 135,486 100 100 100 100 Totals115,918167,824139,810 135,486100100100100  "},{"text":"Table 49 : Free-on-board value of livestock and livestock products exports during the last four years Type of livestock and products 2010 Value in ('000 USD) during the years 2011 2012 2013 2010 % of export value 2011 2012 2013 Type of livestock and products2010Value in ('000 USD) during the years 2011 2012 20132010% of export value 2011 20122013 Type of live animals         Type of live animals Cattle 75,139.29 136,092.37 94,694.13 112,829.77 30.41 34.58 27.36 31.15 Cattle75,139.29136,092.37 94,694.13 112,829.77 30.41 34.5827.3631.15 Sheep 5185.15  14,192.85 23,966.94 26,521.35 2.10 3.61 6.92 7.32 Sheep5185.1514,192.8523,966.94 26,521.352.103.616.927.32 Goats 295.34  1555.31 1816.17 2510.25 0.12 0.40 0.52 0.69 Goats295.341555.311816.172510.250.120.400.520.69 Camels 43,263.34 35,845.80 58,894.69 38,849.22 17.51 9.11 17.01 10.73 Camels43,263.3435,845.8058,894.69 38,849.2217.51 9.1117.0110.73 Horses and mules 234.49  14.94  4.85 0.09 0.00 - 0.00 Horses and mules234.4914.944.850.090.00-0.00 Other live animals (reptiles, etc.) 4089.53  11.33 41.40 45.61 1.66 0.00 0.01 0.01 Other live animals (reptiles, etc.)4089.5311.3341.4045.611.660.000.010.01 Subtotals 128,207.15 187,712.60 179,413.33 180,761.04 51.89 47.69 51.83 49.90 Subtotals128,207.15 187,712.60 179,413.33 180,761.04 51.89 47.6951.8349.90 Livestock products:         Livestock products: Bovine meat 2,430.03  8655.18 2247.19 164.24 0.98 2.20 0.65 0.05 Bovine meat2,430.038655.182247.19164.240.982.200.650.05 Lamp/sheep meat 6942.85  10,766.57 10,172.54 6744.40 2.81 2.74 2.94 1.86 Lamp/sheep meat6942.8510,766.5710,172.54 6744.402.812.742.941.86 Goat meat 31,342.03 56,000.72 58,541.52 62,471.79 12.69 14.23 16.91 17.25 Goat meat31,342.0356,000.7258,541.52 62,471.7912.69 14.2316.9117.25  "},{"text":"Table 50 : Quantity of crop products imported and proportion   Quantity in tonnes  Proportion in total crop product import (%) Quantity in tonnesProportion in total crop product import (%) Type         Type  2010 2011 2012 2013 2010 2011 2012 2013 20102011201220132010 201120122013 Cereals: 1,260,764.5 1,341,349.2 1,245,167.9 1,548,899.3 71.8 66.0 64.8 77.1 Cereals:1,260,764.5 1,341,349.2 1,245,167.9 1,548,899.371.866.064.877.1 Wheat 1,056,864.8 1,121,911.6 991,560.8 1,252,149.9 60.2 55.2 51.6 62.3 Wheat1,056,864.8 1,121,911.6 991,560.81,252,149.960.255.251.662.3 Barley 34,347.1 34,684.8 55,158.0 38,503.1 2.0 1.7 2.9 1.9 Barley34,347.134,684.855,158.038,503.12.01.72.91.9 Maize 10,975.9 27,137.7 12,315.8 8804.7 0.6 1.3 0.6 0.4 Maize10,975.927,137.712,315.88804.70.61.30.60.4 Rice 43,247.7 81,816.4 122,883.6 153,760.5 2.5 4.0 6.4 7.7 Rice43,247.781,816.4122,883.6153,760.52.54.06.47.7 Sorghum 113,260.0 33,790.1 3720.0 45,040.0 6.4 1.7 0.2 2.2 Sorghum113,260.033,790.13720.045,040.06.41.70.22.2 Millet 2.7 - 0.2 1.3 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 Millet2.7-0.21.30.0-0.00.0 Oats 325.1 311.6 573.7 230.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oats325.1311.6573.7230.90.00.00.00.0 Processed foods from cereals 1741.1 41,697.0 - - 0.1 2.1 - - Processed foods from cereals1741.141,697.0--0.12.1-- Pulses 51,304.1 41,100.6 32,803.6 21,078.5 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.0 Pulses51,304.141,100.632,803.621,078.52.92.01.71.0 Oil and oil crops: 246,046.5 275,293.2 324,359.4 38,595.1 14.0 13.6 16.9 1.9 Oil and oil crops:246,046.5275,293.2324,359.438,595.114.013.616.91.9 Oil crops 636.2 5206.8 455.0 2,277.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 Oil crops636.25206.8455.02,277.30.00.30.00.1 Processed edible oils 245,410.3 270,086.5 323,904.4 36,317.9 14.0 13.3 16.8 1.8 Processed edible oils245,410.3270,086.5323,904.436,317.914.013.316.81.8 Stimulants: 189.6 107.8 172.9 90.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Stimulants:189.6107.8172.990.20.00.00.00.0 Coffee 157.8 92.2 151.6 67.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coffee157.892.2151.667.20.00.00.00.0 Tea 31.8 15.7 21.3 23.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tea31.815.721.323.00.00.00.00.0 Spices 1,153.1 1,243.9 1,487.1 1,700.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Spices1,153.11,243.91,487.11,700.20.10.10.10.1 Vegetables: 5,446.0 2,816.8 293,669.7 3,592.8 0.3 0.1 15.3 0.2 Vegetables:5,446.02,816.8293,669.73,592.80.30.115.30.2 Fruits 12,810.7 258,609.6 17,535.8 389,116.5 0.7 12.7 0.9 19.4 Fruits12,810.7258,609.617,535.8389,116.50.712.70.919.4 Flowers and related 2.8 505.5 582.2 596.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Flowers and related2.8505.5582.2596.70.00.00.00.0 Other agricultural products 178,284.3 108,732.8 6,755.7 5,627.3 10.2 5.4 0.4 0.3 Other agricultural products178,284.3108,732.86,755.75,627.310.25.40.40.3 Total 1,756,042 2,031,143 1,922,771 2,009,298 100 100 100 100 Total1,756,0422,031,1431,922,7712,009,298100100100100 Source: Computed based on raw data of Ethiopian Customs and Authority (ECRA) (2010-2013).     Source: Computed based on raw data of Ethiopian Customs and Authority (ECRA) (2010-2013).  "},{"text":"Table 51 : Value of crop products imported and share of its parts Type 2010 Value in million USD 2011 2012 2013 % of total value of crop product imported 2010 2011 2012 2013 Type2010Value in million USD 2011 20122013% of total value of crop product imported 2010 2011 2012 2013 Cereals: 400.7 588.7 535.5 689.5 48.8 48.1 41.2 50.7 Cereals:400.7588.7535.5689.548.848.141.250.7 Wheat 303.5 417.6 335.4 472.7 36.9 34.1 25.8 34.7 Wheat303.5417.6335.4472.736.934.125.834.7 Barley 21.6 26.0 36.6 29.9 2.6 2.1 2.8 2.2 Barley21.626.036.629.92.62.12.82.2 Maize 8.0 33.9 10.7 8.3 1.0 2.8 0.8 0.6 Maize8.033.910.78.31.02.80.80.6 Rice 25.8 51.4 76.4 89.6 3.1 4.2 5.9 6.6 Rice25.851.476.489.63.14.25.96.6 Sorghum 40.0 15.1 0.9 31.3 4.9 1.2 0.1 2.3 Sorghum40.015.10.931.34.91.20.12.3 Millet 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 Millet0.0-0.00.00.0-0.00.0 Oats 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Oats0.40.30.70.40.00.00.10.0 Processed foods from cereals 1.3 44.4 - - 0.2 3.6 - - Processed foods from cereals1.344.4--0.23.6-- Others - - 74.9 57.4 - - 5.8 4.2 Others--74.957.4--5.84.2 Pulses 34.5 29.2 33.5 17.6 4.2 2.4 2.6 1.3 Pulses34.529.233.517.64.22.42.61.3 Oil and oil crops: 258.4 403.0 508.9 398.0 31.4 32.9 39.2 29.2 Oil and oil crops:258.4403.0508.9398.031.432.939.229.2  "},{"text":"Table 52 : Value of imported livestock products and their proportion Type 2010 Value ('000 USD) 2011 2012 2013 % of import value in total livestock value 2010 2011 2012 2013 Type2010Value ('000 USD) 2011 20122013% of import value in total livestock value 2010 2011 2012 2013 Type of livestock:         Type of livestock: Cattle - 427.1 113.6 983.5 - 2.3 0.5 4.7 Cattle-427.1113.6983.5-2.30.54.7 Sheep - 380.3 - - - 2.1 - - Sheep-380.3---2.1-- Goats 6.3 222.3 - - 0.0 1.2 - - Goats6.3222.3--0.01.2-- Horses and mules 0.3 55.5 71.8 12.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 Horses and mules0.355.571.812.20.00.30.30.1 Chicken, geese, etc. 563.3 400.2 748.3 1176.0 2.9 2.2 3.1 5.6 Chicken, geese, etc.563.3400.2748.31176.02.92.23.15.6 Other live animals 66.0 385.3 3713.7 5380.6 0.3 2.1 15.6 25.8 Other live animals66.0385.33713.75380.60.32.115.625.8 Subtotals 635.8 1870.8 4647.3 7552.3 3.3 10.2 19.5 36.2 Subtotals635.81870.8 4647.37552.33.310.219.536.2 Livestock products:         Livestock products: Bovine meat 215.6 168.8 202.7 205.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 Bovine meat215.6168.8202.7205.31.10.90.91.0 Lamp/sheep meat 24.8 51.2 80.1 12.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 Lamp/sheep meat24.851.280.112.60.10.30.30.1 Swine meat 138.1 128.8 - - 0.7 0.7 - - Swine meat138.1128.8--0.70.7-- Fish and others meat 1349.7 429.7 2073.6 1893.6 7.0 2.3 8.7 9.1 Fish and others meat1349.7429.72073.61893.67.02.38.79.1 Other livestock meats and products - 2169.2 - - - 11.9 - - Other livestock meats and products-2169.2 ---11.9-- Bones and others - - 951.2 - - - 4.0 - Bones and others--951.2---4.0- Poultry and egg 153.2 144.0 129.8 129.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 Poultry and egg153.2144.0129.8129.50.80.80.50.6 Milk and related 16,811.0 13,303.1 15,732.8 11,019.8 86.9 72.7 66.0 52.8 Milk and related16,811.013,303.1 15,732.8 11,019.8 86.972.766.052.8 Honey 17.9 24.9 21.3 60.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 Honey17.924.921.360.80.10.10.10.3 Wax 7.4 - - 7.0 0.0 - - 0.0 Wax7.4--7.00.0--0.0 Sub totals 18,717.6 16,419.7 19,191.6 13,328.6 96.7 89.8 80.5 63.8 Sub totals18,717.616,419.7 19,191.6 13,328.6 96.789.880.563.8 Totals 19,353.4 18,290.5 23,838.9 20,880.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totals19,353.418,290.5 23,838.9 20,880.9 100.0100.0100.0100.0  "},{"text":"Table 53 : Quantity of agricultural inputs importedEthiopia paid USD 368 million in 2013 and USD 669 million in 2012. The highest proportion import value was spent for fertilizer imports, followed by import of pesticides which accounts 17% of the value of agricultural inputs (Table54). Type of inputs 2010 2011 Quantity (tonnes) 2012 2013 2010 Percentage 2011 2012 2013 Type of inputs20102011Quantity (tonnes) 201220132010Percentage 2011 2012 2013 Maize seed 45,156.6 28,532.6 100,821.3 7292.1 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.01 Maize seed45,156.628,532.6100,821.37292.10.080.050.10 0.01 Vegetable and other seeds 23,025.1 12,668.4 22,125.0 18,683.4 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 Vegetable and other seeds23,025.112,668.422,125.018,683.40.040.020.02 0.03 Forage and related seeds 208.4 1080.3 1510.4 361.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Forage and related seeds208.41080.31510.4361.20.000.000.00 0.00 Fertilizer 56,650,666 58,446,374 96,516,117 58,408,725 98.29 99.06 99.13 98.32 Fertilizer56,650,666 58,446,374 96,516,117 58,408,725 98.29 99.0699.13 98.32 Pesticide, insecticide and herbicides 915,051 510,377 721,481 970,543 1.59 0.87 0.74 1.63 Pesticide, insecticide and herbicides915,051510,377721,481970,5431.590.870.74 1.63 Totals 57,634,108 58,999,032 97,362,054 59,405,604 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Totals57,634,108 58,999,032 97,362,054 59,405,604 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0  "},{"text":"Table 54 : Trend of value of inputs imported in millions (USD) Type of inputs 2010 Value (million USD) 2011 2012 2013 2010 2011 Percentage 2012 2013 Type of inputs2010Value (million USD) 2011 2012201320102011Percentage 20122013 Maize seed 1.97 2.15 0.76 2.51 0.67 0.57 0.11 0.68 Maize seed1.972.150.762.510.670.570.110.68 Vegetable and other seeds 3.85 2.88 3.86 4.90 1.30 0.76 0.58 1.33 Vegetable and other seeds3.852.883.864.901.300.760.581.33 Forage and related seeds 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 Forage and related seeds0.100.040.070.080.030.010.010.02 Fertilizer 246.01 337.59 612.87 298.16 83.35 89.34 91.60 80.87 Fertilizer246.01337.59612.87298.1683.3589.3491.6080.87 Pesticide, insecticide and herbicides 43.21 35.20 51.53 63.02 14.64 9.32 7.70 17.09 Pesticide, insecticide and herbicides43.2135.2051.5363.0214.649.327.7017.09 Totals 295.14 377.87 669.10 368.68 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Totals295.14377.87669.10368.68100.00100.00100.00100.00 Source: Computed based on raw data of ECRA (2010-2013).       Source: Computed based on raw data of ECRA (2010-2013).  "},{"text":"Table 55 : Opportunities, constraints and risks for crop and livestock products marketing Type of inputs 2010 Value (million USD) 2011 2012 2013 2010 Percentage 2011 2012 2013 Type of inputs2010Value (million USD) 2011 201220132010Percentage 2011 20122013 Maize seed 1.97 2.15 0.76 2.51 0.67 0.57 0.11 0.68 Maize seed1.972.150.762.510.670.570.110.68 Vegetable and other seeds 3.85 2.88 3.86 4.90 1.30 0.76 0.58 1.33 Vegetable and other seeds3.852.883.864.901.300.760.581.33 Forage and related seeds 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 Forage and related seeds0.100.040.070.080.030.010.010.02 Fertilizer 246.01 337.59 612.87 298.16 83.35 89.34 91.60 80.87 Fertilizer246.01337.59612.87298.1683.3589.3491.6080.87 Pesticide, insecticide and herbicides 43.21 35.20 51.53 63.02 14.64 9.32 7.70 17.09 Pesticide, insecticide and herbicides43.2135.2051.5363.0214.649.327.7017.09 Totals 295.14 377.87 669.10 368.68 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Totals295.14377.87669.10368.68100.00100.00100.00100.00  "},{"text":" per year. Between 2000 and 2008 alone agricultural land expanded in Ethiopia by about 4 million ha, and 80% of this new agricultural land was converted from forests, woodlands and shrub lands (Anonymous 2010). FAO (2010) also estimates that 141,000 ha of forest have been lost annually between 1990 and 2010 and that the average annual deforestation rate, based on forest cover change from 2005-10, amounts to 1.11% of total forest cover. However, review of different studies reveal that the average deforestation rate lies somewhere between 1.0-1.5% annually(FDRE 2011b).It is also expected that the requirement for agricultural land is to increase from 15 million ha in 2008 to 34 million ha by 2030; most of the additional agricultural land is expected to come from conversion of forested lands (EDRI 2010). As it is indicated in Bale Mountain Eco-region Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) project document (  "},{"text":"Table 56 : Unions/cooperatives working on irrigation and NRM Type of cooperatives No. of member coops Male Members Female Total Capital in ETB Type of cooperativesNo. of member coopsMaleMembers FemaleTotalCapital in ETB Ethiopia      Ethiopia Union 635 74,538 14,921 89,459 13,491,076 Union63574,53814,92189,45913,491,076 Irrigation 516 56,635 10,457 67,092 8,049,122 Irrigation51656,63510,45767,0928,049,122 NRM 119 17,903 4464 22,367 5,441,954 NRM11917,903446422,3675,441,954 Primary coops 2850 195,010 49,016 244,026 90,167,686 Primary coops2850195,01049,016244,02690,167,686 Irrigation 768 73,065 22,861 95,926 28,023,296 Irrigation76873,06522,86195,92628,023,296 NRM 2082 121,945 26,155 148,100 62,144,390 NRM2082121,94526,155148,10062,144,390 Oromia      Oromia Primary coops 1085 64,616 12,645 77,261 42,922,912 Primary coops108564,61612,64577,26142,922,912 Irrigation 757 37,121 8724 45,845 33,624,583 Irrigation75737,121872445,84533,624,583 NRM 328 27,495 3921 31,416 9,298,329 NRM32827,495392131,4169,298,329 Source: FCA (2013).      Source: FCA (2013).  "},{"text":"Table 57 : Opportunities, constraints and risks for NRM Source: FAO Statistical Data 2014 (data for 2011); http://faostat3.fao.org/download/FB/FBS/E (Accessed Dec. 13/2014).Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a \"24-hour\" period (yesterday and last night) prior to the interview time. Opportunities Constraints Associated risks OpportunitiesConstraintsAssociated risks High Government support Lack of alternative income generation Soil erosion due to heavy High Government supportLack of alternative income generationSoil erosion due to heavy Existence of programs like SLM opportunities rain (natural hazard) Existence of programs like SLMopportunitiesrain (natural hazard) High natural resources recovery rate if conserved Declining soil fertility due to over use and erosion Deforestation due to expanding investment in High natural resources recovery rate if conservedDeclining soil fertility due to over use and erosionDeforestation due to expanding investment in Potential for agro-forestry based crop and livestock production exists Declining land under fallow for fertility restoration, low organic fertilizer use (crop agriculture and expansion of farm land by smallholders Potential for agro-forestry based crop and livestock production existsDeclining land under fallow for fertility restoration, low organic fertilizer use (cropagriculture and expansion of farm land by smallholders Experiences of NRM with NGOs and government organizations residue used for livestock than for soil fertility)  Experiences of NRM with NGOs and government organizationsresidue used for livestock than for soil fertility) Initiatives on climate change and adaptation programs Inadequate soil conservation practices, soil acidity and termite infestation  Initiatives on climate change and adaptation programsInadequate soil conservation practices, soil acidity and termite infestation  "},{"text":" Annex 8: Number and % of smallholder farmers (holders) producing crops in Ethiopia, Oromia and project sites in 2013/2014 The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. ILRI is a member of the CGIAR Consortium, a global research partnership of 15 centres working with many partners for a food-secure future. ILRI has two main campuses in East Africa and other hubs in East, West and Southern Africa and South, Southeast and East Asia. ilri.org CGIAR is a global agricultural research partnership for a food-secure future. Its science is carried out by 15 research centres that are members of the CGIAR Consortium in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. cgiar.org Crop type Grain crops Cereals Teff Barley Wheat Maize Sorghum Finger millet Oats/'Aja' Rice Masho Pulses Faba beans Field peas Haricot beans Chick-peas Lentils Grass peas Soya beans Fenugreek Gibto Oilseeds Neug Linseed Groundnuts Sunflower Sesame Rapeseed Vegetables Lettuce Head cabbage Ethiopian cabbage Tomatoes Green peppers Faba beans Annex 9: Average area and production per holder Number of holders % of holders for each crop Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Ethiopia Oromia Project sites 14,093,660 5,446,779 2,457,825.00 100.0 100.0 100.0 13,419,762 5,327,440 2,424,567.00 95.2 97.8 98.6 6,613,090 2,489,393 1,460,025.00 49.3 46.7 60.2 4,461,616 1,656,581 665,958.00 33.2 31.1 27.5 4,746,231 1,948,739 801,742.00 35.4 36.6 33.1 8,809,221 3,840,128 1,945,970.00 65.6 72.1 80.3 4,788,499 2,097,467 1,079,268.00 35.7 39.4 44.5 1,608,823 473,372 393,734.00 12.0 8.9 16.2 290,613 200,689 52,061.00 2.2 3.8 2.1 119,497 27,667 1891.00 0.9 0.5 0.1 58,098 3158 924.00 0.4 0.1 0.04 8,336,953 3,054,279 1,379,126.00 59.2 56.1 56.1 4,367,445 1,488,608 762,209.00 52.4 48.7 55.3 2,005,888 607,839 354,000.00 24.1 19.9 25.7 3,342,891 1,419,999 540,531.00 40.1 46.5 39.2 994,079 292,670 158,617.00 11.9 9.6 11.5 848,708 294,005 96,146.00 10.2 9.6 7.0 829,404 265,445 136,675.00 9.9 8.7 9.9 112,270 59,700 50,768.00 1.3 2.0 3.7 634,582 336,788 118,203.00 7.6 11.0 8.6 125,400 3576 -1.5 0.1 -3,687,135 1,497,483 926,344.00 26.2 27.5 37.7 1,003,033 449,525 409,698.00 27.2 30.0 44.2 1,026,972 429,446 186,850.00 27.9 28.7 20.2 352,077 231,745 69,124.00 9.5 15.5 7.5 248,007 36,041 15,511.00 6.7 2.4 1.7 689,977 168,679 73,677.00 18.7 11.3 8.0 1,181,511 484,862 392,016.00 32.0 32.4 42.3 6,168,016 2,355,934 1,449,216.00 43.8 43.3 59.0 42,103 21,030 7,968.00 0.7 0.9 0.5 424,084 253,658 179,887.00 6.9 10.8 12.4 3,556,645 1,379,330 756,907.00 57.7 58.5 52.2 241,355 96,647 30,024.00 3.9 4.1 2.1 1,134,545 639,362 494,625.00 18.4 27.1 0.123 0.149 0.083 0.23 0.31 0.10 34.1 Crop type Area per holder in 2013/2014 in ha Production per holder in 2013/2014 in ton Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Grain crops 0.88 1.038 0.884 1.79 2.30 1.58 Cereals 0.734 0.862 0.73 1.61 2.06 1.45 Teff 0.456 0.562 0.388 0.67 0.85 0.41 Barley 0.228 0.284 0.102 0.43 0.62 0.12 Wheat 0.338 0.43 0.174 0.83 1.18 0.27 Maize 0.226 0.282 0.3 0.74 0.94 0.91 Sorghum 0.35 0.319 0.262 0.80 0.80 0.58 Finger millet 0.283 0.211 0.318 0.53 0.39 0.51 Oats/'Aja' 0.123 0.149 0.01 0.21 0.27 0.01 Rice 0.283 0.121 0.055 0.77 0.41 0.13 Masho 0.184 -0 0.14 Pulses 0.209 0.227 0.137 0.34 0.41 0.16 Crop type Area per holder in 2013/2014 in ha Production per holder in 2013/2014 in ton Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Chick-peas 0.231 0.303 0.196 0.43 0.61 0.27 Lentils 0.148 0.163 0.07 0.19 0.23 0.07 Grass peas 0.204 0.217 0.001 0.38 0.43 Soya beans 0.272 0.232 0.036 0.54 0.52 0.04 Fenugreek 0.038 0.033 0.011 0.07 0.04 0.00 Gibto 0.178 --0.18 Oilseeds 0.221 0.245 0.231 0.19 0.23 0.17 Neug 0.284 0.428 0.361 0.22 0.33 0.23 Linseed 0.093 0.13 0.041 0.09 0.14 0.02 Groundnuts 0.227 0.228 0.18 0.32 0.30 0.06 Sunflower 0.046 0.042 0.005 0.03 0.04 0.00 Sesame 0.434 0.286 0.337 0.32 0.23 0.23 Rapeseed 0.037 0.034 0.026 0.05 0.05 0.04 Vegetables 0.026 0.031 0.015 0.12 0.14 0.05 Lettuce 0.006 0.008 -Head cabbage 0.009 0.01 0.002 0.06 0.07 0.01 Ethiopian cabbage 0.01 0.009 0.004 0.10 0.10 0.03 Tomatoes 0.03 0.038 0.001 0.16 0.31 0.00 Green peppers 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.04 0.03 0.03 Red peppers 0.056 0.083 0.034 0.13 0.20 0.07 Swiss chard 0.004 0.005 0 Root crops 0.033 0.035 0.016 0.65 0.70 0.09 Beetroot 0.004 0.005 0.001 0.04 0.04 0.01 Carrot 0.012 0.015 0.001 0.05 0.08 0.00 Onion 0.032 0.035 0.004 0.28 0.25 0.01 Potatoes 0.046 0.071 0.002 0.55 0.59 0.01 Yam/'Boye' 0.012 0.004 -Garlic 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.06 0.05 0.01 Taro/'Godere' 0.028 0.012 0.022 0.78 0.31 0.17 Sweet potatoes 0.035 0.034 0.028 1.16 1.73 0.09 Fruit crops 0.02 0.019 0.016 0.14 0.12 0.13 Avocados 0.009 0.01 0.003 0.02 0.01 Bananas 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.15 0.11 0.10 Guavas 0.007 0.008 0.003 0.00 0.00 0.01 Lemons 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.03 0.01 0.01 Mangoes 0.01 0.012 0.009 0.07 0.08 0.08 Oranges 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.07 0.07 0.11 Papayas 0.005 0.006 -0.06 0.07 0.10 Khat 0.081 0.096 0.025 0.09 0.10 0.03 Coffee 0.118 0.214 0.212 0.09 0.15 0.16 Hops 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.01 0.02 0.01 Sugar cane 0.025 0.024 0.014 1.22 0.98 0.70 Annex 14: Trend of irrigation use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 176,739 41,060 63,461 12,381 3341 489 246,123 39,674 135,428 13,156 403 61,889 249,631 49,272 127,815 18,037 8781 0 237,105 32,195 89,705 11,575 Lack of data 223,940 28,577 106,693 10,640 1135 0 270,546 30,023 132,286 12,983 0 0 247,730 28,225 129,458 12,213 0 0 258,415 27,587 109,144 8113 3636 0 Annex 15: Trend of extension packages use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 1,193,660 379,733 498,186 174,550 291,069 104,770 1,121,324 375,773 374,357 152,845 220,765 304,935 1,355,009 407,030 415,910 145,024 206,786 138,328 1,438,825 287,664 134,188 35,728 Lack of data 1,902,643 616,775 600,438 256,242 330,309 170,020 2,578,813 744,126 910,200 320,886 486,498 203,695 3,018,439 847,261 1,232,883 1,115,957 689,217 274,933 3,555,647 1,039,726 1,514,364 523,120 824,785 376,300 Annex 16: Trend of fertilizer utilization for wheat in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 2,182,573 960,353 1,176,416 1,124,133 613,427 684,282 347,037 133,700 179,641 2,207,844 884,781 1,204,071 1,083,200 566,905 700,977 304,921 223,776 609,368 2,162,187 873,191 1,141,282 1,006,036 554,504 662,706 238,332 284,811 191,947 1,594,510 627,539 2,696,516 656,840 297,607 311,206 Lack of data 2,883,144 1,074,874 1,238,204 1,152,972 620,927 601,807 425,001 146,120 202,668 2,852,340 1,024,275 719,527 1,103,376 585,649 477,859 379,906 115,664 39,874 3,451,180 1,228,036 1,467,016 1,514,492 727,869 781,350 535,033 161,145 220,655 3,347,019 1,177,831 1,622,952 1,469,132 679,120 829,218 535,125 163,781 243,494 Annex 20: Trend of fertilizer utilization for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 2,651,413 1,337,221 1,105,928 1,116,144 676,726 618,639 615,276 348,454 288,193 2,907,078 1,391,955 1,322,390 1,153,902 678,147 639,966 634,484 437,257 684,533 2,686,746 1,287,106 1,214,563 1,121,398 648,959 579,437 483,278 455,276 312,606 1,994,348 1,019,530 2,128,123 683,513 327,886 392,249 Lack of data 3,802,734 1,754,439 1,486,844 1,332,469 840,195 682,430 765,137 460,693 370,793 4,142,067 1,781,215 1,471,172 1,525,154 872,618 127,028 889,289 512,973 174,092 4,037,987 1,946,333 1,823,133 1,690,885 941,786 818,862 1,017,521 552,790 470,940 4,653,291 2,072,419 2,195,958 1,782,098 1,002,061 1,011,707 1,061,192 590,542 555,019 Annex 21: Trend of improved seed use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 30,340 13,172 4640 9930 3362 1506 1873 689 356 17,599 17,599 8030 8995 2913 1918 0 0 150,642 42,104 16,610 7005 10,220 4565 2395 135,979 2349 0 132,582 44,755 19,304 82,638 30,606 10,911 Lack of data 106,728 16,414 16,414 24,818 11,188 4385 6373 0 0 154,174 49,859 20,910 22,401 8619 5165 3333 0 158 131,292 38,400 13,730 498,483 6,832 2783 8974 1166 382 365,659 94,500 31,225 48,848 20,238 8209 41,584 17,606 6,607 Annex 22: Trend of pesticide use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 1,534,565 731,899 1,058,820 562,714 757,387 377,329 1,655,658 781,288 1,069,387 562,048 673,440 265,567 1,620,820 736,063 1,112,200 565,787 619,508 442,237 1,691,970 432,078 558,409 256,000 Lack of data 1,912,761 966,213 1,229,245 734,615 801,437 437,575 1,908,803 986,489 1,305,609 775,560 871,720 503,952 2,308,710 1,115,628 1,491,789 843,514 987,701 527,482 2,328,713 1,192,319 1,456,978 879,841 1,132,548 Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 171,337 55,287 75,135 22,101 61,855 21,955 201,562 83,170 87,826 30,022 62,386 23,329 322,815 141,039 147,423 48,285 96,100 34,098 368,925 128,798 170,742 47,351 Lack of data 265,307 102,474 81,276 30,276 44,210 5429 256,127 118,651 104,049 51,401 76,555 20,260 348,767 163,975 126,790 54,361 88,361 15,422 383,518 153,980 145,799 45,706 96,270 27,547 Annex 27: Trend of extension packages use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 122,770 31,549 46,889 10,939 3314 338 108,821 21,775 31,815 4787 1459 41,827 167,849 46,706 27,161 5654 0 0 238,903 80,480 74,577 14,105 Lack of data 379,865 115,026 84,971 20,287 3750 732 469,240 142,565 165,148 38,302 1603 0 624,942 174,734 258,949 675,657 0 0 754,142 214,452 279,269 63,386 8626 3216 Annex 28: Trend of fertilizer utilization for vegetables in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area 686,046 Annex 26: Trend of pesticide use for sorghum in Ethiopia, Ethiopia Oromia Project area Year Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 343,092 31,276 57,543 96,651 6958 5497 10,634 542 301 487,031 37,120 80,764 109,997 8487 22,574 35,547 173 70,142 630,166 54,984 107,804 147,122 9914 17,916 73,430 1717 2976 337,566 156,452 55,420 125,414 4911 63,141 Lack of data 559,865 51,786 111,316 116,538 7986 6136 31,931 0 0 885,733 67,658 28,260 238,438 21,691 5116 81,465 5002 1008 1,119,296 98,250 159,666 317,618 37,631 50,755 179,053 4477 1840 926,596 69,525 134,211 275,965 25,598 34,741 131,718 3436ISBN: 92-9146-445-7 Crop type Grain crops Cereals Teff Barley Wheat Maize Sorghum Finger millet Oats/'Aja' Rice Masho Pulses Faba beans Field peas Haricot beans Chick-peas Lentils Grass peas Soya beans Fenugreek Gibto Oilseeds Neug Linseed Groundnuts Sunflower Sesame Rapeseed Vegetables Lettuce Head cabbage Ethiopian cabbage Tomatoes Green peppers Faba beans Annex 9: Average area and production per holder Number of holders % of holders for each crop Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Ethiopia Oromia Project sites 14,093,660 5,446,779 2,457,825.00 100.0 100.0 100.0 13,419,762 5,327,440 2,424,567.00 95.2 97.8 98.6 6,613,090 2,489,393 1,460,025.00 49.3 46.7 60.2 4,461,616 1,656,581 665,958.00 33.2 31.1 27.5 4,746,231 1,948,739 801,742.00 35.4 36.6 33.1 8,809,221 3,840,128 1,945,970.00 65.6 72.1 80.3 4,788,499 2,097,467 1,079,268.00 35.7 39.4 44.5 1,608,823 473,372 393,734.00 12.0 8.9 16.2 290,613 200,689 52,061.00 2.2 3.8 2.1 119,497 27,667 1891.00 0.9 0.5 0.1 58,098 3158 924.00 0.4 0.1 0.04 8,336,953 3,054,279 1,379,126.00 59.2 56.1 56.1 4,367,445 1,488,608 762,209.00 52.4 48.7 55.3 2,005,888 607,839 354,000.00 24.1 19.9 25.7 3,342,891 1,419,999 540,531.00 40.1 46.5 39.2 994,079 292,670 158,617.00 11.9 9.6 11.5 848,708 294,005 96,146.00 10.2 9.6 7.0 829,404 265,445 136,675.00 9.9 8.7 9.9 112,270 59,700 50,768.00 1.3 2.0 3.7 634,582 336,788 118,203.00 7.6 11.0 8.6 125,400 3576 -1.5 0.1 -3,687,135 1,497,483 926,344.00 26.2 27.5 37.7 1,003,033 449,525 409,698.00 27.2 30.0 44.2 1,026,972 429,446 186,850.00 27.9 28.7 20.2 352,077 231,745 69,124.00 9.5 15.5 7.5 248,007 36,041 15,511.00 6.7 2.4 1.7 689,977 168,679 73,677.00 18.7 11.3 8.0 1,181,511 484,862 392,016.00 32.0 32.4 42.3 6,168,016 2,355,934 1,449,216.00 43.8 43.3 59.0 42,103 21,030 7,968.00 0.7 0.9 0.5 424,084 253,658 179,887.00 6.9 10.8 12.4 3,556,645 1,379,330 756,907.00 57.7 58.5 52.2 241,355 96,647 30,024.00 3.9 4.1 2.1 1,134,545 639,362 494,625.00 18.4 27.1 0.123 0.149 0.083 0.23 0.31 0.10 34.1 Crop type Area per holder in 2013/2014 in ha Production per holder in 2013/2014 in ton Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Grain crops 0.88 1.038 0.884 1.79 2.30 1.58 Cereals 0.734 0.862 0.73 1.61 2.06 1.45 Teff 0.456 0.562 0.388 0.67 0.85 0.41 Barley 0.228 0.284 0.102 0.43 0.62 0.12 Wheat 0.338 0.43 0.174 0.83 1.18 0.27 Maize 0.226 0.282 0.3 0.74 0.94 0.91 Sorghum 0.35 0.319 0.262 0.80 0.80 0.58 Finger millet 0.283 0.211 0.318 0.53 0.39 0.51 Oats/'Aja' 0.123 0.149 0.01 0.21 0.27 0.01 Rice 0.283 0.121 0.055 0.77 0.41 0.13 Masho 0.184 -0 0.14 Pulses 0.209 0.227 0.137 0.34 0.41 0.16 Crop type Area per holder in 2013/2014 in ha Production per holder in 2013/2014 in ton Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Ethiopia Oromia Project sites Chick-peas 0.231 0.303 0.196 0.43 0.61 0.27 Lentils 0.148 0.163 0.07 0.19 0.23 0.07 Grass peas 0.204 0.217 0.001 0.38 0.43 Soya beans 0.272 0.232 0.036 0.54 0.52 0.04 Fenugreek 0.038 0.033 0.011 0.07 0.04 0.00 Gibto 0.178 --0.18 Oilseeds 0.221 0.245 0.231 0.19 0.23 0.17 Neug 0.284 0.428 0.361 0.22 0.33 0.23 Linseed 0.093 0.13 0.041 0.09 0.14 0.02 Groundnuts 0.227 0.228 0.18 0.32 0.30 0.06 Sunflower 0.046 0.042 0.005 0.03 0.04 0.00 Sesame 0.434 0.286 0.337 0.32 0.23 0.23 Rapeseed 0.037 0.034 0.026 0.05 0.05 0.04 Vegetables 0.026 0.031 0.015 0.12 0.14 0.05 Lettuce 0.006 0.008 -Head cabbage 0.009 0.01 0.002 0.06 0.07 0.01 Ethiopian cabbage 0.01 0.009 0.004 0.10 0.10 0.03 Tomatoes 0.03 0.038 0.001 0.16 0.31 0.00 Green peppers 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.04 0.03 0.03 Red peppers 0.056 0.083 0.034 0.13 0.20 0.07 Swiss chard 0.004 0.005 0 Root crops 0.033 0.035 0.016 0.65 0.70 0.09 Beetroot 0.004 0.005 0.001 0.04 0.04 0.01 Carrot 0.012 0.015 0.001 0.05 0.08 0.00 Onion 0.032 0.035 0.004 0.28 0.25 0.01 Potatoes 0.046 0.071 0.002 0.55 0.59 0.01 Yam/'Boye' 0.012 0.004 -Garlic 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.06 0.05 0.01 Taro/'Godere' 0.028 0.012 0.022 0.78 0.31 0.17 Sweet potatoes 0.035 0.034 0.028 1.16 1.73 0.09 Fruit crops 0.02 0.019 0.016 0.14 0.12 0.13 Avocados 0.009 0.01 0.003 0.02 0.01 Bananas 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.15 0.11 0.10 Guavas 0.007 0.008 0.003 0.00 0.00 0.01 Lemons 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.03 0.01 0.01 Mangoes 0.01 0.012 0.009 0.07 0.08 0.08 Oranges 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.07 0.07 0.11 Papayas 0.005 0.006 -0.06 0.07 0.10 Khat 0.081 0.096 0.025 0.09 0.10 0.03 Coffee 0.118 0.214 0.212 0.09 0.15 0.16 Hops 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.01 0.02 0.01 Sugar cane 0.025 0.024 0.014 1.22 0.98 0.70 Annex 14: Trend of irrigation use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 176,739 41,060 63,461 12,381 3341 489 246,123 39,674 135,428 13,156 403 61,889 249,631 49,272 127,815 18,037 8781 0 237,105 32,195 89,705 11,575 Lack of data 223,940 28,577 106,693 10,640 1135 0 270,546 30,023 132,286 12,983 0 0 247,730 28,225 129,458 12,213 0 0 258,415 27,587 109,144 8113 3636 0 Annex 15: Trend of extension packages use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 1,193,660 379,733 498,186 174,550 291,069 104,770 1,121,324 375,773 374,357 152,845 220,765 304,935 1,355,009 407,030 415,910 145,024 206,786 138,328 1,438,825 287,664 134,188 35,728 Lack of data 1,902,643 616,775 600,438 256,242 330,309 170,020 2,578,813 744,126 910,200 320,886 486,498 203,695 3,018,439 847,261 1,232,883 1,115,957 689,217 274,933 3,555,647 1,039,726 1,514,364 523,120 824,785 376,300 Annex 16: Trend of fertilizer utilization for wheat in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 2,182,573 960,353 1,176,416 1,124,133 613,427 684,282 347,037 133,700 179,641 2,207,844 884,781 1,204,071 1,083,200 566,905 700,977 304,921 223,776 609,368 2,162,187 873,191 1,141,282 1,006,036 554,504 662,706 238,332 284,811 191,947 1,594,510 627,539 2,696,516 656,840 297,607 311,206 Lack of data 2,883,144 1,074,874 1,238,204 1,152,972 620,927 601,807 425,001 146,120 202,668 2,852,340 1,024,275 719,527 1,103,376 585,649 477,859 379,906 115,664 39,874 3,451,180 1,228,036 1,467,016 1,514,492 727,869 781,350 535,033 161,145 220,655 3,347,019 1,177,831 1,622,952 1,469,132 679,120 829,218 535,125 163,781 243,494 Annex 20: Trend of fertilizer utilization for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 2,651,413 1,337,221 1,105,928 1,116,144 676,726 618,639 615,276 348,454 288,193 2,907,078 1,391,955 1,322,390 1,153,902 678,147 639,966 634,484 437,257 684,533 2,686,746 1,287,106 1,214,563 1,121,398 648,959 579,437 483,278 455,276 312,606 1,994,348 1,019,530 2,128,123 683,513 327,886 392,249 Lack of data 3,802,734 1,754,439 1,486,844 1,332,469 840,195 682,430 765,137 460,693 370,793 4,142,067 1,781,215 1,471,172 1,525,154 872,618 127,028 889,289 512,973 174,092 4,037,987 1,946,333 1,823,133 1,690,885 941,786 818,862 1,017,521 552,790 470,940 4,653,291 2,072,419 2,195,958 1,782,098 1,002,061 1,011,707 1,061,192 590,542 555,019 Annex 21: Trend of improved seed use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 30,340 13,172 4640 9930 3362 1506 1873 689 356 17,599 17,599 8030 8995 2913 1918 0 0 150,642 42,104 16,610 7005 10,220 4565 2395 135,979 2349 0 132,582 44,755 19,304 82,638 30,606 10,911 Lack of data 106,728 16,414 16,414 24,818 11,188 4385 6373 0 0 154,174 49,859 20,910 22,401 8619 5165 3333 0 158 131,292 38,400 13,730 498,483 6,832 2783 8974 1166 382 365,659 94,500 31,225 48,848 20,238 8209 41,584 17,606 6,607 Annex 22: Trend of pesticide use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 1,534,565 731,899 1,058,820 562,714 757,387 377,329 1,655,658 781,288 1,069,387 562,048 673,440 265,567 1,620,820 736,063 1,112,200 565,787 619,508 442,237 1,691,970 432,078 558,409 256,000 Lack of data 1,912,761 966,213 1,229,245 734,615 801,437 437,575 1,908,803 986,489 1,305,609 775,560 871,720 503,952 2,308,710 1,115,628 1,491,789 843,514 987,701 527,482 2,328,713 1,192,319 1,456,978 879,841 1,132,548 Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 171,337 55,287 75,135 22,101 61,855 21,955 201,562 83,170 87,826 30,022 62,386 23,329 322,815 141,039 147,423 48,285 96,100 34,098 368,925 128,798 170,742 47,351 Lack of data 265,307 102,474 81,276 30,276 44,210 5429 256,127 118,651 104,049 51,401 76,555 20,260 348,767 163,975 126,790 54,361 88,361 15,422 383,518 153,980 145,799 45,706 96,270 27,547 Annex 27: Trend of extension packages use for teff in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Year Ethiopia Oromia Project area Holder Area Holder Area Holder Area 122,770 31,549 46,889 10,939 3314 338 108,821 21,775 31,815 4787 1459 41,827 167,849 46,706 27,161 5654 0 0 238,903 80,480 74,577 14,105 Lack of data 379,865 115,026 84,971 20,287 3750 732 469,240 142,565 165,148 38,302 1603 0 624,942 174,734 258,949 675,657 0 0 754,142 214,452 279,269 63,386 8626 3216 Annex 28: Trend of fertilizer utilization for vegetables in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area 686,046 Annex 26: Trend of pesticide use for sorghum in Ethiopia, Ethiopia Oromia Project area Year Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity Holder Area Quantity 343,092 31,276 57,543 96,651 6958 5497 10,634 542 301 487,031 37,120 80,764 109,997 8487 22,574 35,547 173 70,142 630,166 54,984 107,804 147,122 9914 17,916 73,430 1717 2976 337,566 156,452 55,420 125,414 4911 63,141 Lack of data 559,865 51,786 111,316 116,538 7986 6136 31,931 0 0 885,733 67,658 28,260 238,438 21,691 5116 81,465 5002 1008 1,119,296 98,250 159,666 317,618 37,631 50,755 179,053 4477 1840 926,596 69,525 134,211 275,965 25,598 34,741 131,718 3436ISBN: 92-9146-445-7 Red peppers Field peas 1,956,999 0.137 621,212 0.178 0.111 473,319.00 0.19 31.7 0.27 26.4 32.7 0.11 Red peppers Field peas1,956,999 0.137621,212 0.1780.111473,319.000.1931.70.2726.432.7 0.11 Swiss chard Haricot beans 86,408 0.098 39,954 0.101 0.046 24,493.00 0.14 1.4 0.16 1.7 1.7 0.05 Swiss chard Haricot beans86,408 0.09839,954 0.1010.04624,493.000.141.40.161.71.7 0.05  "}],"sieverID":"0bba32f9-d990-456c-9788-0c970fc13a4c","abstract":"Institutions involved in agricultural marketing issues Grain prices Agricultural exports Agricultural imports Main opportunities, risks and constraints for markets Natural resource management and the environment Soil and forest degradation Programs for NRM Biodiversity Opportunities, risks and constraints for NRM References Annexes Annex 1a: Average consumption expenditure in 2011 (ETB/HH) Annex 1b: Percentage of households owning less common assets in Ethiopia and Oromia in 2011 Annex 2: Food balance sheet of Ethiopia in 2011 Annex 3: Nutritional status of women aged 15-49 years (% based on body mass index) Annex 4: Breastfeeding practices of children aged 0-23 months (%) nationally Annex 5: Malnourished under five children based on anthropometric indices (%) Annex 6: Feeding practices and their breastfeeding status of children aged 6-23 months who are living with their mother (%) nationally Annex 7: Micronutrients intake of children under five years (aged 6-59 months) Annex 8: Number and % of smallholder farmers (holders) producing crops in Ethiopia, Oromia and project sites in 2013/2014 Annex 9: Average area and production per holder Annex 10: Yield of crops in Ethiopia, Oromia and Humidtropic sites of western Oromia in 2013/14 (tonne/ha) Annex 10a: No. of farmers using fertilize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area in 2013/2014 Annex 11: Trend of fertilizer utilization for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 12: Trend of improved seed use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 13: Trend of pesticide use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area Annex 14: Trend of irrigation use for maize in Ethiopia, Oromia and project area 97"}
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